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Summer Course > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

Endocrine Objectives

1
Q

What is direct communication?

A

Occurs between 2 cells of same type, exchange of ions/molecules between adjacent cells via gap junctions, rare & specialized

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2
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue, most common form of intercellular communication

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3
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Hormones released into bloodstream, alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously

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4
Q

What are functions of hormones?

A

Stimulates synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins, increases or decreases rates of synthesis, turns existing enzyme or membrane channel “on” or “off”

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5
Q

What is a target cell?

A

Specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

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6
Q

What are biogenic amines?

A

Amino acid derivative hormones. Structurally related to amino acids. Synthesized from tyrosine (thyroid, epi, norepi, catecholamines) and tryptophan (melatonin)

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7
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A
  1. Glycoproteins: 200+ amino acids long with carbohydrate side chains (TSH, LH, FSH)
  2. Short polypeptides (ADH, oxytocin) and small proteins (insulin, GH, PL)
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8
Q

What are lipid derivatives?

A
  1. Eicosanoids: paracrine signaling molecules including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins
  2. Steroid hormones: released by reproductive organs, adrenal cortex, kidneys
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9
Q

How are hormones inactivated?

A
  1. Diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells
  2. Broken down by liver or kidneys
  3. Broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluid
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10
Q

What hormones are produced by hypothalamus?

A

ADH, oxytocin (transported to posterior pituitary gland by axons), regulatory hormones

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11
Q

What hormones are produced by pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior: ACTH, TSh, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

2. Posterior: secretes ADH & oxytocin

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12
Q

What hormones are produced by Thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by Adrenal glands?

A

Medulla (Epi, Norepi)

Cortex (cortisol, aldosterone, androgens)

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14
Q

What hormones are produced by pancreatic islets?

A

Insulin, glucagon

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15
Q

What hormones are produced by pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

What hormones are produced by parathyroid glands?

A

PTH

17
Q

What hormones are produced by Heart?

A

ANP & BNP

18
Q

What hormones are produced by Thymus?

A

Thymosins

19
Q

What hormones are produced by adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

20
Q

What hormones are produced by kidneys?

A

EPO, calcitriol

21
Q

What hormones are produced by gonads?

A

Androgens, estrogens, progesterone, inhibin

22
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Blood carried from one capillary bed to another capillary bed.

23
Q

What signals secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Sympathetic nervous signals to adrenal medulla. (Also controlled by corticotropin releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary)

24
Q

What is FSH pathway?

A

GnRH – FSH—Follicle cells/Nurse cells—-Estrogen secretion/sperm maturation

25
Q

What is LH pathway?

A

GnRH—- LH —-Follicle cells/Interstitial cells —- ovulation/ testosterone secretion

26
Q

What is ACTH pathway?

A

CRH to ACTH to Adrenal cortex to cortisol secretion. Diurnal pattern (high in morning, low in evening), stimulated by stress

27
Q

What is GH pathway?

A

GH-RH to GH to all cells. Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, catabolism, opposes action of insulin, stimulates IGF-1

28
Q

What is TSH pathway?

A

TRH to TSH to Thyroid gland producing T4, converted to T3 by peripheral tissues

29
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  1. Uterine contractions during labor
  2. Promotes ejection of milk
  3. Sexual activity
30
Q

What is function of thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid produces T4, converted to T3 by peripheral tissues.
Many actions ranging from normal growth and development (especially CNS) to effects on energy metabolism in adult.
C-cells produce calcitonin (opposes PTH)

31
Q

What is function of parathyroid gland?

A

Secretes PTH
Stimulates calcium reabsorption by osteoclasts in bone and renal tubular calcium reabsorption.
Stimulates activation of vitamin D by renal hydroxylation (calcitriol)
Calcium regulates PTH by negative feedback.

32
Q

What is produced in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone.
Na+ reabsorption, K + secretion.
Works at kidneys, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas.
Increases salt sensitivity of tongue

33
Q

What is produced at zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids.
Middle cortex layer.
Cortisol primarily.
Liver increases glucose synthesis & glycogen.
Adipose tissue releases fatty acids into blood.
Tissues switch to fatty acid/protein metabolism (glucose sparing effect)
Also anti-inflammatory.

34
Q

What is produced in zona reticularis of adrenal cortex?

A

Androgens.
Inner cortex.
Small quantities of androgens.
Some converted into estrogen in bloodstream.
In women, promotes muscle mass, RBC formation, libido.
Less important for adult males.

35
Q

What is produced in adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
Continuously secreted at low levels.
Increase w/ sympathetic stimulation.
Interact w/ alpha and beta cell receptors.
Skeletal muscle: utilize glycogen reserves, increase ATP production to increase strength/endurance.
Adipose tissue: release fatty acids.
Liver: Glycogen break down.
Heart: Beta 1 receptors, positive chronotropic and inotropic agent

36
Q

What are complications of pituitary tumor?

A

Can enlarge out of sella turcica and interrupt optic chiasm. Causes bitemporal hemianopsia (No lateral vision)

37
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Underactive thyroid or low thyroid, thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Causes fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, weight gain

38
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine. Accelerate body’s metabolism, sudden weight loss, rapid/irregular heart beat, sweating, irritability

39
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

PCC is a neuroendocrine tumor of medulla of adrenal glands (originating in chromaffin cells) or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth, secretes high amounts catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity.

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