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Summer Course > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

Musculoskeletal objectives

1
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

Femur, humerus, ulna, radius

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2
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Sternum, scapulae, ribs

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3
Q

What are examples of sutural bones?

A

Oddly shaped bones in the skull only

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4
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Talus, carpals, tarsals

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5
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella, some bones in hands and feet

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6
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Large, rough projection (unique to femur)

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7
Q

What is a spine?

A

Pointed process

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8
Q

What is a crest?

A

Prominent ridge

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9
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Small, rounded projection

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10
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Rough projection

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11
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Collagen fibers that surround osteons, provide reinforcement strength to osteon. Can be concentric (spiral like pattern around osteon), interstitial (fill in spaces between osteons) or circumferential (outer and inner surfaces of bone)

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12
Q

What are lacunae?

A

The spaces where osteocytes live

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13
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Canals that connect lacunae to one another and to the central canal

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14
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Protect, support, and resist stress

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15
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Some support, stores marrow

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16
Q

What is the Haversian system?

A

Osteocytes are arranged concentrically around a central canal. Haversian canal has blood vessels that run longitudinally to bone and supply blood to osteon. Perforating canals are perpendicular to central canal and supply blood to osteons deeper in medullary cavity

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17
Q

How is spongy bone different from compact bone?

A

No osteons present. Matrix is trabeculae, less dense than compact bone. No capillaries or venules in matrix, instead contains red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow provides blood supply to osteocytes. Heals slower than compact bone.

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18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Layer that thinly wraps around compact bone. Protects the bone from surrounding tissues. Route for nerves and blood supply. Plays a role in growth of the bone and fracture repair.

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19
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Layers of cells that line the medullary cavity. Surround intricate structure of spongy bone. Play an active role in growth of bone and fracture healing.

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20
Q

What are two forms of ossification?

A
  1. Endochondral (cartilage to bone)

2. Intramembranous (mesenchyme/fibrous connective tissue to bone)

21
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Enlargement of diameter. Cells of the periosteum develop into osteoblasts and produce additional bony matrix. Inner surface of bone is eroded by osteoclasts, marrow cavity gradually enlarges.

22
Q

How does calcitonin regulate bone growth?

A

(Decrease blood calcium) Decreases absorption of calcium in the intestines, increases secretion on calcium levels in kidneys, inhibits osteoclasts

23
Q

How does growth hormone regulate bone growth?

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

24
Q

How does thyroxine regulate bone growth?

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

25
Q

How do sex hormones regulate bone growth?

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix; estrogens stimulate epiphyseal closure earlier than androgens.

26
Q

How does parathyroid hormone regulate bone growth?

A

(Increases calcium) Stimulates osteoclasts. Increases intestinal absorption of calcium (kidneys release more calcitriol). Decreases secretion of calcium in the kidneys.

27
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Active form of vitamin D. Stimulates absorption of calcium ions from the small intestine.

28
Q

What are functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Production of movement
  2. Maintain posture and body position
  3. Support soft tissues
  4. Guard the entrance and exits of the body
  5. Generate heat. Maintain body temperature.
  6. Store nutrients
29
Q

What is epimysium?

A

Encompasses entire muscle, separates muscle from other organs, consists of collagen fibers

30
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Divides skeletal muscles into fascicles. Consists of collagen and elastic fibers, contains blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

What is endomysium?

A

Surrounds muscle fibers (skeletal muscle cells). Contains capillaries, myosatellite cells, and nerves

32
Q

What is tendon?

A

Attaches muscle to bone

33
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

Wide sheet of fibrous tissue, attaches muscle to bone.

34
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  1. Single nucleus
  2. Involuntary
  3. Branched, intercalated discs bound by gap junctions and desmosomes for rhythmicity.
  4. T tubules are short and broad, no triads.
  5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores fewer calcium ions
35
Q

What are characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Multinucleated
  2. Voluntary
  3. Non-branched
  4. T tubules are long, form triads
36
Q

What are characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Single nucleus
  2. Involuntary
  3. No T tubules
  4. Nonstriated muscle
  5. Thick filaments scattered throughout sarcoplasm. Thin filaments attached to dense bodies
37
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A
  1. Calcium arrives in sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Calcium binds to troponin shifting tropomyosin and revealing myosin-actin binding site
  3. Myosin heads bind to actin
  4. Stored energy causes myosin head to power stroke; ADP detaches from phosphate
  5. Binding of ATP to myosin removes myosin head from actin
  6. Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and P reactivates myosin head
38
Q

What factors influence tension?

A
  1. Number of pivoting cross bridges
  2. Fiber’s resting length at time of stimulation.
  3. Frequency of stimulation
  4. Total number of muscle fibers stimulated
39
Q

Example of convergent muscle

A

Pectoralis major

40
Q

Example of pennate muscle

A

Rectus femoris

41
Q

Example of parallel muscle

A

Sartorius

42
Q

Example of circular muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

43
Q

What is first class lever?

A

Fulcrum lies between applied force and load. Eg. flexion/extension cervical spine

44
Q

What is second class lever?

A

Load lies between applied force and fulcrum. eg. standing tip-toe

45
Q

What is third class lever?

A

Applied force between load and fulcrum. Eg. flexion of elbow

46
Q

What are 4 steps of fracture repair?

A
  1. Fracture hematoma forms
  2. Callus formation
  3. Spongy bone formation.
  4. Compact bone formation
47
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Ossification is lacking, bone is thinner, weaker than regular bone

48
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Bone mass is insufficient, compromises bone function and bone does not withstand regular forces. Easily broken

Summer Course (11 decks)

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