Renal

Question 1

Function of renal corpuscle

Answer 1

Produce filtrate

Question 2

Function of proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 2

Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

Question 3

Function of loop of henle

Answer 3

further reabsorption of water (descending limb) and both sodium and chloride ions (ascending limb)

Question 4

Function of distal convoluted tubule

Answer 4

secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins. Variable reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions

Question 5

Function of collecting system (collecting tubules and collecting duct)

Answer 5

variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption or secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions

Question 6

Function of peritubular capillaries

Answer 6

capillary network associated with cortical nephrons. 85% of nephrons

Question 7

Function of vasa recta

Answer 7

capillary network associated with juxtamedullary nephrons. Responsible for creating osmotic gradient that reabsorbs water

Question 8

Function of glomerulus

Answer 8

Filtration unit of kidney

Question 9

Function of bowman’s capsule/glomerular capsule

Answer 9

“catches” the filtered material from the glomerulus

Question 10

Function of juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 10

regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus. Releases renin

Question 11

What is vasculature of kidney

Answer 11

R-SIACA
Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - cortical radiate artery - afferent artery - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta) - cortical radiate vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein

Question 12

What is fibrous/renal capsule?

Answer 12

Surrounds kidney; made of dense, irregular connective tissue

Question 13

What is Hilum?

Answer 13

indentation of kidney. Ureter, renal artery/vein exit kidney here

Question 14

What is cortex?

Answer 14

Outer layer of kidney

Question 15

What is medulla?

Answer 15

Inner layer of kidney. Location of 6-18 triangular renal pyramids

Question 16

What are renal pyramids?

Answer 16

triangular structure consisting of renal tubules; site of urine production

Question 17

What is renal papilla?

Answer 17

Tip of renal pyramid; projects into renal sinus

Question 18

What are renal columns?

Answer 18

Cortical tissue found between renal pyramids. (Kidney lobe consists of renal pyramid + overlying renal cortex + adjacent tissues of renal columns)

Question 19

What are ureters?

Answer 19

Drain kidney and transport urine towards urinary bladder

Question 20

What is urinary bladder?

Answer 20

Temporarily stores urine prior to urination

Question 21

What is urethra?

Answer 21

Transports urine to exterior

Question 22

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 22

Composed of macula densa (chemoreceptors and baroreceptors that detect sodium levels and regulate GFR); juxtaglomerular cells (baroreceptors in afferent arteriole that secretes renin); extraglomerular mesangial cells (in triangular space between afferent and efferent arteriole. feedback control between macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells).

Question 23

What is the hormonal control of GFR?

Answer 23

Stimulus: Decrease in renal blood flow.
Effector: Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Response: Renin released, angitensinogen becomes AG1, AG1 becomes AG2 due to ACE, vasoconstriction increases renal blood flow.

Question 24

What is neural control of GFR?

Answer 24

AG2 causes production of aldosterone from adrenal glands. Aldosterone secretion increases pressure and GFR

Question 25

What is GFR?

Answer 25

Amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute. Normally 125 ml/min, or 180 L per day

Question 26

What determines GFR?

Answer 26

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + blood colloid osmotic pressure)

Question 27

What is primary determinant of GFR?

Answer 27

blood pressure

Question 28

How does PCT affect electrolyte balance?

Answer 28

Active transport of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, magnesium, and phosphate for reabsorption. Passive transport of chlorine for reabsorption

Question 29

How does nephron loop affect electrolyte balance?

Answer 29

Ascending limb pumps out sodium and chlorine for reabsorption

Question 30

How does DCT affect electrolyte balance?

Answer 30

Active transport of sodium and chlorine for reabsorption. Aldosterone causes sodium to be reabsorbed and potassium secreted. This is also primary site of calcium reabsorption, regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitriol.

Question 31

How does kidney regulate acid-base balance?

Answer 31

Bicarbonate is reabsorbed in PCT, and collecting duct (in exchange for chlorine). Hydrogen ions secreted at DCT in countertransport with sodium.

Question 32

What are two types of acidosis?

Answer 32

Metabolic acidosis (lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis)
Respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation, CO2>50)

Question 33

What are two types of alkalosis?

Answer 33

Metabolic alkalosis (alkaline tide w/excessive vomiting, prolonged aldosterone stimulation).
Respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation. CO2<35)

Question 34

What is role of kidney in erythrocyte production?

Answer 34

JGA releases EPO in response to low O2 pressures. EPO stimulated bone marrow to increase RBC production.

Question 35

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 35

Disorder of pituitary gland characterized by polyuria and polydipsia that results from inadequate production of ADH

Question 36

How does diabetes mellitus relate to urine volume?

Answer 36

Excessive glucose levels secondary to diabetes mellitus cause glucose concentrations to exceed threshold maximum for reabsorption leading to glycosuria. Polyuria results due to water being drawn into the renal tubules because of high glucose levels