Reproductive Flashcards
Sonic hedgehog gene (Shh)
- Patterning along anterior-posterior axis
- CNS development
- Mutations ⇒ holoprosencephaly
Wnt-7 gene
Proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis
FGF gene
Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm ⇒ lengthening of limbs
Homeobox genes
- segmental organization in a cranial-caudal direction
- code for transcription factors
- Hox mutation ⇒ appendages in wrong location
What is gastrulation?
Process that forms the trilaminar disc (week 3)
- establishes ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
What are the VACTERL defects?
Mesodermal defects:
- Vertebral
- Anal atresia
- Cardiac
- Tracheo-Esophageal
- Renal
- Limb (bone and muscle)
When is the pregnancy most vunerable to teratogens?
Embryonic period (organogenesis): 3rd - 8th weeks
- Before ⇒ “all or none” effects
- After ⇒ growth and function affected
Teratogenic Medications
- ACE inhibitors
- Alkylating agents
- Aminoglycosides
- Carbamazepines
- Diethylstillbestrol
- Folate antagonists
- Isotretinoin
- Lithium
- Methimazole
- Phenytoin
- Tetracyclines
- Thalidomide
- Valproate
- Warfarin
What is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the US?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What causes the defects seen in FAS?
Failure of cell migration
- pre- and postnatal developmental retardation
- microcephaly
- facial abnormalities
- limb dislocation
- heart defects
- Most severe ⇒ heart-lung fistulas & holoprosencephaly
Placenta
- Fetal component
- Maternal component
- Fetal component
-
Cytotrophoblast ⇒ Inner layer
- Makes cells
- Syncytiotrophoblast ⇒ Outer layer
- secretes hCG
- Lacks MHC-1 expression ⇒ dec. chance of attack by maternal immune system
-
Cytotrophoblast ⇒ Inner layer
- Maternal component
- Decidua basalis ⇒ derived from the endometrium
- maternal blood in the lacunae
- Decidua basalis ⇒ derived from the endometrium
What are the complications that can arise from the vitelline duct?
-
Vitelline fistula ⇒ failure to close
- meconium discharge from umbilicus
-
Meckel’s diverticulum ⇒ partial closure w/ patent portion attached to ileum (true diverticulum)
- melena
- hematochezia
- abdominal pain
Aortic Arch derivatives:
- 1st Arch
- 2nd Arch
- 3rd Arch
- 4th Arch
- 6th Arch
- 1st Arch ⇒ Maxillary artery
- 2nd Arch ⇒ Stapedial artery
- 3rd Arch ⇒ Common carotid artery & proximal ICA
- 4th Arch ⇒ aortic arch (left); proximal right subclavian artery
- 6th Arch ⇒ proximal pulmonary arteries & ductus arteriosus
How is the branchial apparatus composed?
CAP
- Clefts ⇒ ectoderm
- Archs ⇒ mesoderm
- Pouches⇒ endoderm
Branchial cleft derivatives
- 1st
- 2nd - 4th
- Persistent cervical sinus ⇒
- 1st ⇒ external auditory meatus
- 2nd - 4th ⇒ temporary cervical sinuses
- Persistent cervical sinus ⇒ branchial clefts w/in the lateral neck
- (compare this to thyroglossal duct cyst)
33 year old woman comes in for her normal pap smear. What is found?
Koilocyte
- cervical dysplasia ⇒ invasive cervical carcinoma
