Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
0What are the four steps of leucocyte extravasation?
A
- Margination and rolling
- Tight adhesion
- Diapedesis
- Migration
2
Q
What is the deficiency in LAD type 1?
A
Decreased CD18 subunit
- Defective tight binding
- CD 18 normally binds to ICAM-1 (CD54)
3
Q
What is the deficiency in LAD-2?
A
Decreased Sialyl-LewisX
- Defective margination and rolling
- Sialyl-LewisX normally bind to E-selectin and P-selectin
4
Q
What are the chemotatic products released in response to bacteria?
A
- C5a
- IL-8
- LTB4
- kallikrein
- platelet-activating factor (PAF)
5
Q
Tumor markers: Alk. phos.
A
- metastases to bone or liver
- Paget’s disease of bone
- seminoma (placental ALP)
6
Q
Tumor markers: AFP
A
- HCC
- hepatoblastoma
- yolk sack tumor
- mixed germ cell tumor
Non-tumor assoications
- High levels ⇒ neural tube and abdominal wall defects
- Low levels ⇒ Down syndrome
7
Q
Tumor markers: ß-hCG
A
- Hydatidiform moles
- Choriocarcinoma
- testicular cancer
- mixed germ cell tumor
- produced by synctiotrophoblasts of the placenta
8
Q
Tumor markers: CA 15-3/CA 27-29
A
Breast cancer
9
Q
Tumor markers: CA 19-9
A
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
10
Q
Tumor markers: CA 125
A
Ovarian cancer
11
Q
Tumor markers: Calcitonin
A
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
12
Q
Tumor markers: CEA
A
CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen (very non-specific)
- colorectal and pancreatic cancers
- gastric carcinoma
- breast carcinoma
- medullary throid carcinoma
13
Q
Tumor markers: Chromogranin
A
Neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoid
14
Q
Tumor markers: PSA
A
Prostate cancer
- also elevated in BPH and prostatitis
15
Q
Common metastases sites:
- Brain:
- Liver:
- Bone:
A
-
Brain:
- lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
-
Liver:
- colon >> stomach > pancreas
-
Bone:
- prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, kidney
