Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

0What are the four steps of leucocyte extravasation?

A
  1. Margination and rolling
  2. Tight adhesion
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Migration
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2
Q

What is the deficiency in LAD type 1?

A

Decreased CD18 subunit

  • Defective tight binding
  • CD 18 normally binds to ICAM-1 (CD54)
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3
Q

What is the deficiency in LAD-2?

A

Decreased Sialyl-LewisX

  • Defective margination and rolling
  • Sialyl-LewisX normally bind to E-selectin and P-selectin
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4
Q

What are the chemotatic products released in response to bacteria?

A
  1. C5a
  2. IL-8
  3. LTB4
  4. kallikrein
  5. platelet-activating factor (PAF)
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5
Q

Tumor markers: Alk. phos.

A
  • metastases to bone or liver
  • Paget’s disease of bone
  • seminoma (placental ALP)
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6
Q

Tumor markers: AFP

A
  1. HCC
  2. hepatoblastoma
  3. yolk sack tumor
  4. mixed germ cell tumor

Non-tumor assoications

  • High levels ⇒ neural tube and abdominal wall defects
  • Low levels ⇒ Down syndrome
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7
Q

Tumor markers: ß-hCG

A
  1. Hydatidiform moles
  2. Choriocarcinoma
  3. testicular cancer
  4. mixed germ cell tumor
  • produced by synctiotrophoblasts of the placenta
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8
Q

Tumor markers: CA 15-3/CA 27-29

A

Breast cancer

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9
Q

Tumor markers: CA 19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

Tumor markers: CA 125

A

Ovarian cancer

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11
Q

Tumor markers: Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

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12
Q

Tumor markers: CEA

A

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen (very non-specific)

  • colorectal and pancreatic cancers
  • gastric carcinoma
  • breast carcinoma
  • medullary throid carcinoma
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13
Q

Tumor markers: Chromogranin

A

Neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoid

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14
Q

Tumor markers: PSA

A

Prostate cancer

  • also elevated in BPH and prostatitis
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15
Q

Common metastases sites:

  • Brain:
  • Liver:
  • Bone:
A
  • Brain:
    • lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
  • Liver:
    • colon >> stomach > pancreas
  • Bone:
    • prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, kidney
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