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ARP 2 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease – PID?

A

Bacterial infection of female upper genital tract – uterus, uterine tubes + ovaries

Spread up from vagina/cervix

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2
Q

What is the cause of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

One in four cases it’s a result of an STI - chlamydia/gonorrhoea

Can be from bacteria normally present in vagina E.G after childbirth or having an IUCD fitted

Affect sexually active woman aged 15 to 24

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3
Q

What are the complications of a pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Scarring/narrowing of uterine tubes which can lead to atopic pregnancy or infertility

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4
Q

What is the incidence of infertility?

A

One and seven couples in the UK – 35 million people

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5
Q

What are the three types of causes of infertility?

A

Functional anatomical or physiological

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6
Q

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Ovaries that contain many cysts – two times more than normal

Cysts are no bigger than 8 mm – below surface of ovaries

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7
Q

What are cysts in ovaries?

A

cysts are eggs – containing follicles – not develop properly – hormonal abnormalities 

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8
Q

What is the incidence of PCO and PCOS?

A

PCO – very common – 20% of women

PCOS – very common – 5 to 10% of women

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9
Q

What are the features of PCOS/PCOD?

A

Anovulation – resulting in irregular menstruation, amenhhroea

Excessive amounts or Effects of androgenic hormones resulting in acne and Hirsutism 

Insulin resistance

Ovaries are appearing polycystic on ultrasound is common but not an absolute requirement

symptoms and severity of the syndrome vary greatly among affected women

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10
Q

What are the treatments of PCOS/PCOD?

A

A minor surgical procedure called laparoscopic ovarian drilling - LOD

Lifestyle changes – balanced diet

Drug treatment

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11
Q

What are Anatomical variations?

Bicornate

A

Malformation of the uterus

Bicornate – two horns form at the top of the uterus

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12
Q

What is the incidence of a bicornate?

A

0.1–0.5% of women

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13
Q

Why are pregnancies considered high risk with bicornates?

A

Considered high risk and require extra monitoring because of association with poor reproduction potential e.g. stillbirth/malformation

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14
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Uterine fibroid - leiomyoma - benign tumour from smooth muscle tissue - originates from smooth muscle layer of uterus

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15
Q

What is the incidence of fibroids?

A

20 to 50% of women child bearing age

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16
Q

What are the sizes of fibroids + how many are usually present?

A

Range in size – large 70%

Coin – melon

After multiple – if too many to count – diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis

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17
Q

What are the two types of ovarian cysts?

A

Functional

Pathological

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18
Q

What is a functional ovarian cyst?

A

Functional- Harmless; form as part of menstrual cycle; most common

Pathological; benign or malignant; dermoid - (mature cystic adenoma - under 40)
- cystadenoma over 40

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19
Q

What is a dermoid ovarian cyst?

A

Ovarian teratoma tumour – could consist of different tissue types E.G fat, bone, hair;

Usually benign but may be removed due to size – up to 15 CM

20
Q

What is a cystadenoma ovarian cyst?

A

Develops from cells covering the outer part of Overy;

Some small other large – up to 30 cm;

Risk of rupture ovarian torsion – due to cyst blocking it’s blood supply

21
Q

What is cervical carcinoma?

A

Cervical carcinoma/cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells originating in the cervix uteri

22
Q

Where may the cervical carcinoma metastasise?

A

Abdomen lungs or elsewhere

23
Q

What is the prognosis for cervical carcinoma?

A

100% survival rate diagnosed at stage one

30 to 40 years; rare under 25

24
Q

What are the two main types of carcinoma of the cervix?

A

Squamous cell – most common; develops from the skin like squamas cells that covers the cervix

Adenocarcinoma - Less common; develops from mucus producing glandular cells within cervical canal

25
Q

What is ovarian carcinoma?

A

Cancerous calls arising from cells in or around the ovary

26
Q

What is the incidence of ovarian carcinoma?

A

7100 UK diagnosis per year

Rare under 40

Most common in postmenopausal women - Typically over the age of 50

Most are benign – only 1 to 5 masses in menustrating women cancerous; 1:2 post menopause

Epithelial – Arises from cells that line/cover the ovaries – most common

27
Q

What is the prognosis of ovarian carcinoma?

A

Per prognosis

Lacks any clear early detection or screening

Most cases are not diagnosed until we have reached advanced stages

60% of women presenting with this cancer has stage 3 or 4 and it has already spread beyond the ovaries

28
Q

What are the symptoms of a ovarian carcinoma?

A

Bloating

Pelvic pain

Difficulty eating

Frequent urination

29
Q

Different types of trauma to the male reproductive system?
And what may be the result?

A

Blunt trauma – 75%
Penetrating

Can result in a partial or complete ripping of the testicle
loss of entire testicle
or injury to vascular structures

30
Q

How does a penile fracture occur?

A

Occurs whilst select most commonly during sexual intercourse

The tunica albuginea stretches - in trauma this is breached causing injury to the carvernosa corpora

most severe cases the urethra and associated structures involved

31
Q

How does testicular torsion occur?

A

Occurs when the spermatic cord twists cutting off the testicles blood supply

32
Q

What increases the incidence of testicular torsion?

A

Congenital malformation known as bell clapper deformity – testes is inadequately affixed to the scrotum allowing it to move freely on its axis

 L>R

13-17 year olds

Rare over 30

Can affect babies, newborn + unborn

Congenital

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of testicular torsion?

A

Sudden onset of scrotal pain

Nausea and vomiting

Infection and inflammation

Young men plus adolescence

Surgical emergency is urethritis or UTI are ruled out completely

Reversible damage 6 hours after onset - diagnosis + treatment to reduce necrosis



34
Q

What is a Hydrocele?

A

So this food collection with the layers of the tunica intima vaginalis surrounding the testicle/s

Vary in size

Normally painless and harmless

Large can cause discomfort


35
Q

Causes of a hydrocele?

A

Acquired or congenital

Physical trauma

Testicular carcinoma

Epididymitis

Testicular torsion

Generally unknown

36
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Collection of dilated blood vessels in the spermatic cord in the scrotum next to/above one or both testicles

Like varicose veins

Valves and veins malfunction; backflows of blood is not prevented which causes pooling and enlarges veins

37
Q

What is the incidence of Varicocele?

A

common 1:7

15–25 years

Less common in the testicle

Left over right

38
Q

What is a benign prostatic enlargement - hyperplasia – BPH

A

Enlargement of prostate

Extremely common – considered normal part of aging

39
Q

What are the Symptoms of benign prostatic enlargement?

A

Urinary hesitancy

Frequent urination

UTI

Urinary rentention

40
Q

What is the result of a benign prostatic enlargement?

A

Nodules Compress the urethra – partial or virtually complete urinary tract obstruction

41
Q

What is the incidence of a benign prostatic enlargement?

A

age 60. - 50% of a men

age 90. –90% of men

42
Q

 How does prostate carcinoma develop?

A

Develops slowly – may not be aware of presents for many years

Matasize via lymph 

43
Q

How is prostate carcinoma diagnosed?

A

PS symptoms

Physical exam

PSA

Biopsy

44
Q

What are the symptoms of a prostate carcinoma?

A

First sign often bone mets

45
Q

What is the incidence of prostate carcinoma?

A

Most common cancer in men UK over 40,000 cases diagnosed every year

Most common type – adenocarcinoma

46
Q

Testicular carcinoma incidence?

A

Affects main 15 to 49

One of the less common cancers

Senimoma 30-40years

Teratoma 20-30 years

Imperfectly just said the testes have a 20 to 30% higher chance of developing carcinoma

Excellent prognosis if not later stage due to metastases via lymph

ARP 2 (9 decks)

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