Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ARP 2 > Paediatric > Flashcards

Paediatric Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone age used to assess?

A

Used to assess skeletal maturity in certain growth/puberty disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of growth/puberty Disorders?

A

Bone dysplasia – short stature

Endocrine pathology example hypothyroidism – short stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is bone (skeletal) age estimated?

A

The dates at which carpal bones ossify

DP rest non-dominant hand must be used if it’s being used for estimation of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When are the carpal bones ossified?

A

Capitate: 2/12

Hamlet: 3/12

Triquetral: three years

Lunate: four years

Scaphoid: 4–5 years

Trapezium: 4–5 years

Trapezoid: 4–5 years

pisiform: 9–12 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do bones in the elbow ossify?

CRITOL

A

Capitellum: Two months – 2 years

Radiohead: 3–6 years

Internal medial epicondyle: 4–7 years

Trochlea: 8–10 years

Olecranon: 8–10 years

Lateral epicondyle: 10–13 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is it difficult to see fractures in paediatric patients?

A

Grow centres/growth plates may be confused as a fracture fracture may be confused as a growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do children’s bones react differently to trauma?

A

 they bend more - they are more flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of certain fractures that are more common in certain age groups?

A

Toddlers fracture: 1–2 years

Supracondylar fracture: 4–8 years – distal humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give the two fractures which are notorious in paediatrics:

A

Buckle (Torus) fracture - Turn like shape on cortex upon – only one side and no splintering

Greenstick fracture - partial fracture – pending appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Salter-Harris classification?

A

It’s a way to easily classify fractures that occur close to the epiphyseal plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the five different types of Salter-Harris classifications:

A

Type one – physis fracture –

Type two – metaphysis + physis fracture

Type three – epiphysis and physis fracture

Type four – epiphysis and metaphysis fracture

Type five - crush

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does SUFE stand for?

A

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a slipped up a femoral epiphysis and how do patients present?

A

A growth plate injury
patient’s present with a limp, pain and possibly even leg length discrepancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the aetiology of a slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Unknown - often seen during a period of rapid growth
however obesity is a significant risk factor; history of trauma is in 50% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the prevalence of a slipped upper femoral if it is this?

A

M:F
3:1

M -present later 13 to 16 years
F - Present earlier 11 to 14 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of SUFE injuries are bilateral?

A

60% of SUFE is bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for a slipped open femoral epiphysis?

A

Surgical opening may lead to physeal closure if so an osteotomy is often required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Perthes disease (legg–calve– Perthes)?

A

It’s avascular necrosis of the femoral head epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the prevalence of Perthes disease?

A

M: F equals 5:1; peak presentation 5–6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the incidence of Perthes disease?

A

Relatively uncommon (5–15 per 100,000 in western world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is Perthes disease presented?

A

A traumatic hip pain/limp

22
Q

How is Perthes disease presented radiographically?

A

Look for changes in femoral head:

early – no appreciable change

Established – reduction in epiphyseal size; areas of lucency

Late – fragmentation, destruction

23
Q

How is Perthes disease treated?

A

Bedrest and analgesia;
possibly splinting and surgical osteotomy in selected cases

24
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip also known as?

A

Clicky hips

25
Q

What is development dysplasia of the hip?

A

Irregularity of acetabulum which allows the femoral head to glide out of the joint

Gives Clicky sound which is why it’s also known as clicky hip

26
Q

What is the incidence of development dysplasia of the hip?

A

1.5– 20 in 1000 births

27
Q

What is the prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

M: F - 1:8

28
Q

What radiological techniques are used to confirm and assess developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Ultrasound to confirm under six months as femoral head hasn’t ossified

Extra pelvis looking for symmetry; delay in ossification is a sign of DDH

29
Q

How can developmental dysplasia of the hip be treated?

A

Brace or surgery

30
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Segment of owl is pulled into itself or neighbouring Loop by peristalsis 

Most common form of intestinal obstruction in infants

31
Q

What does intussusception result in?

A

Mesentery is also involved so venous return is compromised which may result in a oedema and further restrictions to bloodflow

Eventually an arterial supply to the battle is interrupted leading to ischaemia and necrosis

32
Q

What is the prevalence of an intussusception?

A

95% of occur in children – common 3/12–2 years; peak incidence 3/12–9/12; rare below 3/12

33
Q

What are the symptoms of intussusception?

A

Lethargic and pallor important clues

34
Q

What is the treatment of intussusception?

A

Reduction by air or water-soluble enema

35
Q

How is an intussusception presented radiographically?

A

Abdomen x-ray - Demonstrates an along gated soft tissue mass
Bowel obstruction - Air fluid levels and bowel dilation
Absence of gas in distal collapsed bowel

Supine AXR –Doughnut shaped soft tissue density

ultrasound it may present as a target sign

36
Q

What is vesico-ureteric reflux?

A

Urine flows back into ureter and kidneys - due to failure of the valve at the distal end of the ureter allowing backflow

37
Q

Vesico-ureter reflux prevalence?

A

Most frequently diagnosed in infancy and childhood

38
Q

What is the risk of vesico-ureter reflux?

A

Risk for developing recurrent kidney infections, which over time can cause damage and scaring to the kidneys

39
Q

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)?

A

Occurs when there is not enough surfactant in the lungs

40
Q

What is surfactant made up of and what does it do?

A

Proteins and fats
Helps keep the words inflated of prevent alveoli collapsing (gaseous exchange)

41
Q

When is surfactant produced and what can be the results of premature birth?

A
  • normal surfactant production occurs 24–28 weeks of pregnancy and is done by the 34th week

Premature birth results and insufficient surfactant in the lungs

42
Q

What is ductus arteriosus?

A

Is the communication between the pulmonary artery And descending aorta

43
Q

What is Patent ductus arteriosus?

A

TBC

44
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

When CSF cannot be observed forcing cerebral ventricles (occasionally subarachnoid spaces) to enlarge substantially

45
Q

What is the prevalence of hydrocephalus?

A

Can begin at any age

Most common in perinatal, foetal and neonatal age group

46
Q

What is the treatment of hydrocephalus?

A

Difficult to tree and also result in poor neurological outcomes

47
Q

GI atresia - what is it and where can it be found?

A

Congenital malformation

Can be found anywhere along the GI tract:

Oesophageal, Do you Denal, jejunoileal, colon also Biliary

48
Q

Clubfeet treatment?

A

Casting Maybe give her the first date to several weeks after birth

Foot is pushed and twisted into an over corrected position - cast is then applied in order and hold the food in that position

Castor changed every two weeks

If not treated after six months old - surgical intervention is required

49
Q

Forensics postpartum baby technique?

A

Babygram – beetle x-ray

Prenatal a miscarriage as well as cot death

50
Q

Suspicion of physical abuse presentation?

A

25% of all fractures under age 3 are due to SPE

Majority occur under 18/12

25% risk of further injury if not diagnosed of first presentation – 5% die

51
Q

Suspicion of physical abuse alerting signs?

A

Discrepancy between this to be a pattern of severity of injury

Lack of parental concerns/uncaring towards child

Delay in seeking medical attention

Child under nourished Or ill cared for

52
Q

Suspected physically abuse clinical signs:

A

Soft tissues
Bruises to back, back off legs, Buttocks
Unusual soft tissue marks:
bruises on back, buttocks, finger bruising, bite marks, cigarette burns
torn frenulum

Abdominal injuries:
Uncommon, Involvement of spleen kidneys liver pancreas bowel
Blunt trauma – common after child can walk
This critical injuries most common fatal injuries in toddlers

CNS:
Impaired brain function - visible HI -LOC
Unexplained onset of fits, hemiplegia, or flaccidity
Retinal haemorrhages
Fatal case - infants die from HI

ARP 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions