Dental + ENT Flashcards
What are the two different types of hearing impairment/loss?
Conductive
Sensorineural
What is conductive hearing loss?
When there is a reduced transmission of soundwaves due to an abnormality of the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of soundwaves to oval window
example impacted earwax or FB
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Whether the disorder of nerves of inner ear or CNS
example - congenital or prolonged exposure to excessive noise
How is conductive and sensorineural hearing loss investigated and what are the considerations you have to take in while taking images on patients?
 neither conductive or Sensorineural hearing loss is investigated routinely - as this is not visible on images
Must take into consideration is communication with patience when undertaking other scans
What infection is found in the ear?
Acute otitis media
What is acute otitis media?
This is an information of the middle ear due to upward spread of infection via auditory tube in patient with URTI
What is a severe case of acute otitis media?
Infection may spread through temporal bone (as it is very thin) which can lead to a brain abscess and meningitis
What is acoustic neuroma?
It is a benign tumour cited in space from inner ear to brain - in the space is the vestibular and cochlear nerves
What is acoustic neuroma also known as?
Vestibular schwannoma
What are the Common symptoms of acoustic neuroma?
Uni sided hearing loss
Tinnitus left (sounds coming from within the body right)
Vertigo (feeling of moving or spinning)
What are the indications/symptoms of a larger neuroma?
Persistent headaches
Double vision (often temporary)
Uni sided numbness or ataxia (coordination)
Hoarse voice or swallowing difficulty
What imaging modality is used to image and acoustic neuroma?
MRI
Why is MRI used to image and acoustic neuroma?
Provides excellent contrast between all of the soft tissues present
Sensitivity and specificity are variable
Contrast is definite, if Selectively used
What is the Sinusitis?
Swelling of sinuses
Congested mucosa may cause blockage of openings between nose and sinuses preventing drainage of discharge
What are the symptoms of sinusitis?
Facial pain and headache
What may be the result of having repeated attacks of sinusitis?
It may result in the condition becoming chronic
What are nasal polyps?
Abnormal tissue growth in nasal passages and sinuses
What is the cause of sinusitis?
Infection
 The spread of microbes through the nose and pharynx to mucous membrane lining of sinuses.
Nasal polyps
What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?
Large diesel pops can block the nasal passage way and cause symptoms such as:
blocked nose
Runny nose
Snoring
Sinusitis
And the loss of smell and taste
What is the cause of nasal polyps?
Caused by inflammation and thought to be associated with allergic rhinitis (hayfever) and asthma
How are nasal polyps diagnosed?
Endoscopy or CT
How are polyps treated?
Corticosteroids or surgical excision
However they regularly grow back over time
What is nasal and paranasal carcinoma?
It is nasal cancer (the most common is squamous cell carcinoma)
What is the prevalence of paranasal and nasal carcinoma?
Nasal carcinoma is very rare
affect more males than females
What are the symptoms of nasal and Paranasal carcinoma?
The symptoms depend on the location for example it may affect eyesight or smell
What is the survival rate for a nasal and paranasal carcinoma?
Good survival rate (65% stage one after five years)
What is the prevalence of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
It’s very rare in the UK
It’s more common in men than women
What are the risk factors of nasalpharangeal carcinoma?
Infection (some viruses link to Hodgkin lymphoma)
Smoking
Diet – particular with high salt and nitrates and nitrites
Genetics
Occupational: exposure to chemicals
Existing ENT conditions
Alcohol
What are the signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Lump/growth and neck area that stays longer than three weeks
Decreased hearing loss on one side
Tinnitus
Fluid in ear
Blocked or stuffy nose – particularly if it’s only on one side
Bloodstained discharge from your nose
Laryngeals carcinoma what is the prevalence?
Uncommon in the UK
What are the risk factors of laryngeal carcinoma?
Age – more common in older age
Smoking
Alcohol
Diet
HPV infection
Genetics
Low immunity example HIV or aids
Occupational exposure to chemicals
What are the signs and symptoms of Laryngeal carcinoma?
Hoarse voice for more than three weeks
Dysphagia (Trouble swallowing)
Unexpected or Unintended weight loss
Long-term cough
Shortness of breath
How does a calculi form?
Calculi (stones) Form in salivary glands by crystallisation of mineral salts in saliva
What are the risks of having a calculi?
Can partially or completely blocked ducts
What is the result of a calculi blocking ducts?
Can lead to painful swelling of gland
There is a predisposition to infection and in time atrophy (decrease in size of an organ or tissue; wasting)
What is aetiology of a calculi?
Unknown
ha ha ha ha I got you
What is an Adenoma?
A benign tumour - Most commonly found in parotid glands
Example pleomorphic slippery oedema
What may happen years after the tumour is excised?
I second that each other may develop in the exact same gland years after
 where is a malignant Carcinoma usually found?
Result of infiltration?
The parotids that may also occur in any salivary gland or duct
Infiltrate nerves and surrounding tissues which can cause severe pain
Lymph spread to cervical nodes
What are we looking for on OPG?
Supernumerary teeth – hyperdontia
Overcrowding of teeth
Uninterrupted teeth – still in gum
Uninterrupted/impacted wisdom teeth
Infection or abscess teeth/roots
Subluxation of TMJs
Fracture of mandible

What is a dental Caries Lesion?
It is the interaction of park with that hard Tissues - caries lesion
What two factors determines the treatment of the dental caries?
The anatomical side of affected area what tooth and when it is on the tooth
The activity of the caries process example rampant caries - multiple active lesions
What is dental radiography Valuable for and also not so valuable far?
Valuable for the anatomical site
Not so valuable for assessing activity
Name different activities of caries:
 bitewing; multiple caries in crowns
Intraoral; root caries, extending into nerve
rampant caries - multiple active lesions
What is a periapical abscess?
It is a result of a chronic localised infection located at the tip (apex) of the root of a tooth
What is a malocclusion?
It’s the incorrect relationship between the maxilla and mandible or a general misalignment of the teeth; usually congenital
Contact between the upper and lower teeth is a regular with Jaw is closed
Bite of teeth not in contact
Describe an overbite:
Top teeth protrude
Describe an underbite:
Lower teeth protrude
Describe a crossbite:
Teeth are malaligned in a criss-cross arrangement at the front
one top/bottom tooth in malalignment
Can be bilateral unilateral anterior or posterior
What tooth are we referring to when we talk about the eights?
The wisdom teeth
