GI

Question 1

What are the symptoms for an upper GI pathology?

Answer 1

Dysphasia

Pain – chest/retrosternal/back (Between scapular)/upper Abdomen

Vomiting

Heartburn

Indigestion

Regurgitation – bending or lying down worse

Acid taste in mouth and bad breath

Hoarseness/chronic cough

Belching

Haematemesis/Melaena

Question 2

What are causes of GI problems?

Answer 2

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

Stroke motor neuron disease – MND

Ageing process

Trauma

Stress

Congenital

H.PYLORI

Question 3

What is a diverticulum and why does it occur?

Answer 3

A diverticulum is an outward protruding pouch – it can occur anywhere in the GI

It happens of the result of a weakness in the lining

Question 4

What are the two places we have seen at diverticulum in our image during classes?

Answer 4

Oesophageal and gastric

Question 5

What is an achalasia?
what does it cause?

Answer 5

Is the inability of sphincter at the end of oesophagus to relax and open

which causes regurgitation of food and chest pain

Question 6

How does an achalasia present radiographically?

Answer 6

Birds beak - on Ba swallow

Question 7

What is the treatment of an achalasia and what could be the result of not treating it?

Answer 7

Can be treated with dilation or Botox

If not treated can result in aspiration pneumonia

Question 8

What is the cause of a achalasia and how is it diagnosed?

Answer 8

Cause is largely unknown

diagnosis is usually by endoscopy or Ba swallow 

Question 9

What are the symptoms of oesophageal carcinoma?

Answer 9

Burning/pain and throat

Food sticking in oesophagus

Hoarseness/cough

Weight loss



Question 10

What are the risk factors and prognosis of oesophageal carcinoma?

Answer 10

The risk factors – high BMI, smoking, alcohol

Poor prognosis

Question 11

What are the radiological Perative of a gastric carcinoma?

Question 12

What is a hiatus hernia?

Answer 12

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal opening – hiatus – in the diaphragm into the chest cavity

Question 13

What is the incidence of a hiatus hernia?

Answer 13

Comments – seen in 60% of people by age 60

Question 14

What would cause a hiatus hernia to weaken and enlarge?

Answer 14

Obesity

Exercising – weightlifting

Straining to defecate

Family predisposition

Smoking

Pregnancy

Question 15

How does a hiatus hernia percent radiologically?

Question 16

What is a gastric polyp and what may be the risk of having large polyps?

Answer 16

Abnormal growth of cells in epitheal lining of the stomach

large ones can bleed – anaemia

Question 17

How do gastric polyps present radiologically?

Answer 17

Protrude inwards – or as a radiolucent filling defects on Ba studies

Question 18

What is a peptic ulcer and where are they found?

Answer 18

A break/store on the lining of the stomach – much like mouth ulcer

Stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)

Question 19

What is the aetiology of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 19

Unknown

But must be something which affects maintenance of healthy mucosa – allowing gastric juice to access epithelium causing additional damage that leads to a situation – possibly H.pylori bacterium

Question 20

What are the risk factors of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 20

Gastric ulcer 40– 80 years

Duodenum ulcer 20–60 years

F > M

Question 21

What are oesophageal varices?

Answer 21

Dilated blood vessels that develop as a complication of portal hypertension - usually in the setting of cirrhosis the major cause of which is alcoholic liver disease

Question 22

What is the risk of a oesophageal vairices that enlarges overtime and what are the symptoms of this?

Answer 22

enlarge overtime, can rupture causing life threatening haemorrhage

Symptoms would be:

Vomiting blood

Black, tarry or bloody stools

Lightheadedness

Loss of consciousness – in severe cases

Question 23

How do oesophageal vairicies present radiologically?