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Medsci 142 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

In the reproductive system, what system is a vascular arrangement in which blood flows from one capillary bed in the hypothalamus to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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2
Q

Give an example of another portal system in the digestive system

A

hepatic portal vein/system

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3
Q

What are the two neurosecretory peptide hormones?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

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4
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized? Where are they stored and released?

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

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5
Q

How do the anterior and posterior pituitary gland differ?

A

posterior - does not directly produce hormones but stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus and releases them in response to neural signals

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6
Q

The gonadotrophs are located in the ___ pituitary

A

anterior

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7
Q

The two gonadotrophins produced are?

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH leuteinising hormone

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8
Q

Is the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion positive or negative from the hypothalamus to the gonadotrophs?

A

positive

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9
Q

Is the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion positive or negative from the gonads to the hypothalamus?

A

negative

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10
Q

What female endocrine gland is where gonadotrophins act?

A

ovaries

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11
Q

The male endocrine gland where gonadotrophins act is/are?

A

testes

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12
Q

What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males and females?

A

males: acts on the testes to stimulate the production of gametes
females: acts on the ovaries to stimulate the growth and development of gametes

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13
Q

What is the role of leuteinising hormone (LH) in males and females?

A

males: acts on the testes to promote the synthesis of testosterone
females: acts on the ovaries to trigger ovulation and promote the synthesis and release of ovarian hormones

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14
Q

Describe the pathway of sexual differentiation

A
  1. bipotential gonad develops into ovary or testes
  • OVARY - estrogens and progestogens - Mullarian duct development and Wolffian duct regression -internal female genitals
  • TESTES - splits to sertoli and leydig cells
    - SERTOLI CELLS: Anti-Mullarian hormone - Mullarian duct regression
    - LEYDIG CELLS: testosterone - Wolffian duct development - Internal male genitals
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15
Q

What determines whether the bi-potential gonad develops into an ovary or testis?

A

The SRY gene

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16
Q

The criteria for staging development of secondary sexual characteristics is known as?

A

The Tanner stages

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17
Q

Describe the sequence of key events in puberty in females

A
  • breast budding (10/11 by oestrogen secretion, ovulation causes full breast development)
  • pubic hair development (within 6 months of budding, exposure of hair follicles to androgens)
  • growth spurt (steroid hormones, 11/12)
  • menarche (12/13)
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18
Q

Describe the sequence of key events in puberty in males

A

testes enlargement - pubic hair development (6 months after)- penile enlargement - growth spurt. Spermatogenesis also happens during this time (Spermache - motile sperm in urine 13)

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19
Q

What cells are responsible for testicular enlargement?

A

Leydig cells secrete testosterone

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19
Q

What cells are responsible for testicular enlargement?

A

Leydig cells secrete testosterone

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20
Q

How long after testicular enlargement does penile elongation begin?

A

within a year of testicular enlargement

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21
Q

When does ovulation in girls take place first? Why?

A

6-9 months after menarche. This delay is because the positive feedback mechanisms involving oestrogen have not yet developed

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22
Q

What is the response elicited when GnRH (Gonadotropin-stimulating hormone) is produced by the hypothalamus?

A

The two gonadotropin hormones, FSH and LH are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

What is ovarian senescence?

A

when approximately one year after menopause the ovary has ceased producing hormones

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24
Q

By how much percent does eostrogen production reduce after menopause?

A

10%

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25
Q

After menopause, what form of oestrogen is produced? Where does it arise from?

A

oestrone
stromal cells in adipose tissue

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26
Q

Label the phases associated with the end of reproductive life in normal women

A

pre-menopause –> menopausal transition + peri-menopause –> post menopause –> ovarian senescence

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27
Q

What hormones in the reproductive system are lipid soluble?

A

androgens, estrogens, progestogens

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28
Q

Where are lipid soluble hormones secreted?

A

testes and ovary

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29
Q

What are the water soluble hormones in the reproductive system? Where are they secreted respectively?

A

GnRH - hypothalamus
FSH, LH - anterior pituitary
Oxytocin - posterior pituitary

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30
Q

What are the two androgens?

A

testosterone and 5𝛼 Dihydrotestosterone

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31
Q

What are some key properties of androgens?

A
  • male sex development
  • spermatogenesis
  • sexual behaviour
  • muscle development
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32
Q

What are the main estrogens? Describe their properties.

A

oestradiol - most potent
oestrone - produced by adipose tissue, menopause, main in men
oestriol - produced by the placenta, softens the cervix

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33
Q

Where is the main oestrogen production site?

A

granulosa cells of the growing follicle

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34
Q

What are some key properties of oestrogens?

A
  • female sex development
  • growth of the endometrium
  • regulation of the menstrual cycle
  • bone growth
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35
Q

What is progesterone and what is its function?

A

Progesterone is the major steroidal hormone of the corpus luteum and of the placenta.

Associated with the preparations for pregnancy and its maintenance

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36
Q

What does the SRY gene stand for?

A

Sex determining Region on the Y chromosome

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37
Q

Define sex differentiation

A

the phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced following gonadal development

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38
Q

What do the Wolffian ducts develop into?

A

the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vescicles

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39
Q

What do the Mullarian ducts develop into?

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina

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40
Q

Describe the development of the male external genitalia

A
  1. fusion of the urethral folds enclosing the urethral tube forming the shaft of the penis
  2. labioscrotal swellings fuse in the midline forming the scrotum
  3. the genital tubercle expands forming the glans penis
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41
Q

Describe the development of the female external genitalia

A

the urethral folds and labioscrotal swellings remain separate forming the labia minora and majora
the genital tubercle forms the clitoris

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42
Q

What are the first signs of puberty in terms of hormones?

A

an increase in plasma LH levels as a result of increased GnRH release

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43
Q

what can cause precocious puberty?

A

hypothalamic tumors

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44
Q

What can cause delayed puberty?

A

inadequate gonadotropin signals

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45
Q

What is the cause of menopause?

A

ovaries running out of follicles

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46
Q

Describe some symptoms of menopause

A

vasomotor (hot flushes and night sweats), genitourinary symptoms, osteoporosis, behavioural or psychological changes

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47
Q

Label the diagram of the uterus in LEC 15: Repro 02 CCA

A

Endometrium, myometrium, cervical canal

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48
Q

What part of the uterus is the thickest? What is its function?

A

myometrium, important for contractions during pregnancy

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49
Q

The ovary is comprised of three distinct regions, what are these regions?

A

Outer ovarian cortex
Central ovarian medulla
Inner hilius

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50
Q

Where is the entry and exit point of nerves and blood vessels in the ovary?

A

inner hilius

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51
Q

Where are the ovarian follicles found?

A

outer ovarian cortex

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52
Q

Where are the steroid producing cells and the ovarian stroma found?

A

ovarian medulla

53
Q

Label the stages of the ovarian cycle/follicular development in the diagram of the ovary in LEC 15: Repro 02 CCA

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus haemmoragicum, corona radiata, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

54
Q

What hormones are most dominant in days 10-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

estrogen and LH

55
Q

List the main events of the female reproductive cycle

A
  1. Corpus luteum regresses, oestrogen and progesterone levels are low, see increased FSH
  2. FSH stimulation leads to increased follicular growth
  3. About day 6-7, see selection of dominant follicle, with increased oestrogen
  4. Oestradiol suppresses FSH (and LH) production in the pituitary
  5. Oestrogen levels rise, by day 12 a threshold concentration of oestradiol is exceeded. If this is maintained for 36 hours, there is a temporary switch from a negative feedback to positive feedback
  6. Oestrogen-mediated positive feedback triggers a rise in GnRH leading to an LH surge
  7. LH surge induces ovulation
  8. Corpus Luteum develops, see increased progesterone
  9. Elevated progesterone levels inhibit GnRG, lead to decreased FSH and LH
  10. Demise of the corpus luteum
56
Q

What is the primordial follice?

A

The oocyte once surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells (which develop into granulosa cells), form the primordial follicle

57
Q

What is the primary follicle?

A

As the follicle grows, they are called primary follicles or pre-antral follicles.

Immature primary follicles consist of only one layer of granulosa cells.

In response to FSH, some follicles get larger producing many layers of granulose cells surrounding the oocyte

These secrete glycoproteins which form the zona pellucida

58
Q

What is the secondary follicle?

A

As granulosa cells proliferate they produce a viscous follicular fluid that coalesces to form a single follicular antrum. These are called secondary or antral cells.

The theca develops to become the inner glandular, highly vascular theca interna, and the surrounding fibrous capsule, the theca externa.

Innermost layer of granules cells becomes attached to the zona pellucid forming the corona radiata

59
Q

What is the function of the theca interna?

A

interact with granulosa cells to produce oestrodiol

60
Q

What is the function of the theca externa?

A

protect the growing follicle

61
Q

What is the mature (Graafian or pre-ovulatory) follicle?

A

As the follicle antrum grows, the oocyte becomes suspended in fluid. It is connected to the rim of peripheral granulosa cells by a thin stalk of cells

62
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

The increasing size of the follicle and its position in the cortex of the ovarian stroma causes it to bulge out from the ovarian surface.

The follicle ruptures, carrying with it the oocyte and its surrounding mass of cumulus cells.

The oocyte is collected by cilia on the fimbria, which sweep the cumulus mass into the uterine tube.

63
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The antrum breaks down, the basement membrane between the granulosa and thecal layers breaks down and blood vessels invade.

The granulosa cells form large lutein (yellow pigment) cells. This transformation is referred to as luteinisation and is associated with an increasing secretion of progestogens.

The whitish scar tissue remaining, the corpus albicans, is absorbed back into the stromal tissue of the ovary over weeks or months.

64
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

If the oocyte is fertilised and begins to divide, the corpus luteum persists past its normal two week life span. It is rescued from degeneration by hCG (human chronic gonadotropin) The hormone is produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilisation.

65
Q

Label the transverse section of part of the seminiferous tubule LEC 16 Repro CCA 03 or pg. 114

A

//

66
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

67
Q

What is contained in the mid-piece of the sperm?

A

Mitochondria to provide ATP, a source of energy required for the sperm to move

68
Q

List the number of chromosomes from the spermatogonium to the sperm/spermatozoon

A

Spermatogonium - 46
Primary spermatocyte - 46
Secondary spermatocyte - 23
Spermatid - 23
Sperm/spermatozoon - 23

69
Q

Label a sperm cell

A

//

70
Q

What is the order of ejaculate in semen?

A

Prostatic secretions - 30%
sperm - 10%
Seminal fluid - 60%

71
Q

What are the components of seminal fluid?

A

Clotting proteins
alkaline
contains fructose
60% ejaculate
prostaglandins which allow smooth muscle contractions of female reproductive tract to push sperm along

72
Q

What are the components of sperm?

A

10% of ejaculate
contains DNA

73
Q

What are the components of prostatic secretions?

A

acidic (neutralized by seminal fluid)
Contains citrate fro atp
Milky in color
30% of ejaculate
contains PSA (prostate specific antigen. –> breaks down clot)

74
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

reduced sperm count

75
Q

What is azoospermia ?

A

No sperm in ejaculate

76
Q

Describe the conditions needed for IVF

A

50,000 sperm required
needs motile sperm
sperm fertilise oocyte in the petri dish

77
Q

Describe the conditions needed for ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

A

requires a single sperm
motile sperm not required
sperm injected directly into the oocyte

78
Q

Label the male organs of reproduction in the sagittal section pg 118. CCA 17

A

//

79
Q

In the normal adult male, sperm are produced in which structure?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

80
Q

The stem cells that sit on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules are called?

A

Spermatogonia

81
Q

Leaving the testes, the next tubular structure that sperm enters is called the

A

rete testes

82
Q

The tubules coalesce into a single tubule, where sperm mature, gain motility and the ability to fertilise an oocyte. This tube is known as the

A

Epididymus

83
Q

The sperm that enter a muscular tube known as the

A

vas deferens

84
Q

During ejaculation, the final tubular structure through which the sperm travels in the main body is called the

A

urethra

85
Q

Draw out the pathway and label the different tubes through which the sperm travels.

A

//

86
Q

An erection is initiated and maintained by the activation of the ____ branch of the autonomic nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

87
Q

In order to establish an erection, human males rely solely on the ______ _______ within the penis

A

hydronamic pressure

88
Q

What are the chambers called in the penis, responsible for erection?

A

corpora cavernosa

89
Q

Relaxation of the smooth muscles is dependent upon the intracellular second messenger ____ ?

A

cGMP

90
Q

What does cGMP do?

A

reduces the intracellular calcium levels

91
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down cGMP?

A

phosphodiesterase type 5 / PDE5

92
Q

The ____ is a circular structure which surrounds and prevents the occlusion of the penile urethra during an erection-

A

corpus spongiosum

93
Q

Once erect, the penis contains approximately ____ times more blood that the flaccid penis

A

eight

94
Q

During which decade of life will the incidence of Benign prostatic hyperplasia be approximately 35%

A

70-79

95
Q

One potential treatment for BPH is the inhibition if the following enzyme which converts testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone. What is the name of this enzyme?

A

5 alpha reductase

96
Q

what are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

A

mitotic division
meiotic division
cytodifferentiation

97
Q

When does sperm production begin?

A

After puberty has begun

98
Q

Where can sperm be stored for long periods of time?

A

vas deferens

99
Q

What two chemicals cause the corpora cavernosa to relax?

A

nitric oxide and prostaglandin E1

100
Q

How does viagra work?

A

Relaxes the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase - inhibiting breakdown of cGMP - results in relaxation and engorgement.

101
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

prostatic overgrowth

102
Q

What does BHP result in?

A

difficulty voiding the bladder as the prostate increases in size, narrowing urethral tube. This can lead to UTI and kidney infections

103
Q

What are the treatment options for BPH?

A

surgery
drugs - finasteride or dutasteride –> stops prostate enlarging

104
Q

How does finasteride and dutasteride work?

A

inhibit the enzyme 5𝛼 - reductase which stops production of dihydrotestosterone (relevant because BPH is androgen dependent)

105
Q

Describe the incidence of BHP in ages 40 to 80

A

< 40 - rare
50-59 - 17%
60-69 - 27%
70-79 - 35%

106
Q

What is a good indicator of prostate cancer?

A

PSA screening test (prostate specific antigen)

107
Q

What are treatment options for prostate cancer?

A

androgen depletion (use finasteride)
removal of prostate gland
waiting

108
Q

What is the function of 5 alpha reductase?

A

converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

109
Q

What is the function of phosphodiesterase?

A

breaks down cGMP resulting in higher calcium levels - erectile dysfunction

110
Q

What is the function of oxytocin

A

effects on smooth muscle contraction, causing milk ejection, contraction of uterus during childbirth

111
Q

Define puberty

A

physical, emotional and sexual transition from childhood to adulthood

112
Q

What age does precocious puberty starts

A

7y girls
9y boys

113
Q

What age is delayed puberty

A

13 girls
14 boys

114
Q

What age does menopause begin

A

50-52

115
Q

List three functions of the vagina

A

passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
receives the penis during sexual intercourse
holds spermatozoa before they pass into the uterus

116
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium

A

inner functional zone - stratum functionalis, contains uterine glands
outer basilar zone - stratum basalis, attaches endometrium to the myometrium

117
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

ampulla

118
Q

What is the environment like in the fallopian tubes

A

rich, nutritive environment containing lipids and glycogen for the spermatozoa, oocyte and developing embryo

119
Q

sertoli cells secrete ABP, why?

A

androgen binding hormone - supporting, traps testosterone in seminiferous tubule - necessary to make sperm

120
Q

how does sperm move in the reproductive tract?

A

peristaltic contractions

121
Q

Where does spermiogenesis occur?

A

epididymis

122
Q

What is a mass of loosely associated granulosa cells called

A

Cumulus oophorus

123
Q

Where does the spermatogonium go to once mitosis division is complete

A

Move between Sertoli cells to the adluminal compartment - called primary spermatocyte

124
Q

What does the 1 spermatocyte undergo

A

Meiosis 1

125
Q

How many chromatids does a 2 spermatocyte have and how many chromosomes

A

2, 23

126
Q

What division do 2 spermatocyte undergo

A

Meiosis 2 to give 4 spermatids

127
Q

What is the residual body

A

Structure lost by the spermatic that contained excess cytoplasm and is phagocytosis by Sertoli cells

128
Q

What is the function of kisspeptin

A

Controls release of GnRH

129
Q

How many days does it take spermatocyte to acquire the ability to swim

A

10-14 days

130
Q

What structure reads orbs liquid around the sperm to make it more concentrated

A

Epididymis

131
Q

Commitment of the gonad to a testis or an ovary is known as

A

sex determination

Medsci 142 (10 decks)

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