LABS Flashcards
1
Q
For food to be able to pass along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the correct order of the organs is:
A
oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - caecum - colon - rectum - anus
2
Q
Is the spleen part of the digestive system?
A
No, it is part of the lymphatic system
3
Q
Where is the caecum located?
A
entry point of the large intestine
4
Q
The duodenum receives material from which three organs?
A
stomach, liver & pancreas
5
Q
What forms the common duct in the rat?
A
the hepatic and pancreatic ducts join to form the common duct
6
Q
Where does the ileum pass its contents to?
A
caecum
7
Q
The peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities of the rat share all of the following characteristics, EXCEPT:
A. they allow internal organs to move without friction
B. there is one of each of them
C. they are ventral in position
D. they contain a small volume of fluid
E. they have visceral and parietal surfaces
A
B. there is one of each of them - pleural cavity: two
8
Q
What is the purpose of serous fluid?
A
it acts as a lubricant between parietal and visceral serous membranes
9
Q
How many ventral cavities are there? What are they?
A
4 - left and right pleural cavities, pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity
10
Q
What is the first serous membrane we cut through in the rat lab?
A
Parietal peritoneum
11
Q
What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?
A
Lines the internal organs and helps reduce the friction due to serous fluid between it and the parietal peritoneum
12
Q
Where is the diaphragm located?
A
between thoracic and peritoneum in the abdominal cavity
13
Q
During the rat dissection laboratory you learned the location of various organs within the thorax and abdomen. In the list of organs which follow, four are located close together and one is remote. Which is the remote organ?
stomach
spleen
pancreas
liver
caecum
A
caecum - part of the large intestine, located posteriorly in the abdominal cavity.
the others are located near the anterior end of the abdominal cavity
14
Q
During your rat dissection lab, which of the following structures had the most vascular appearance?
Stomach
Urinary bladder
Colon
Jejunum
Spleen
A
spleen
15
Q
Which of the following structures are you most likely to find in the rat?
canine teeth
gall bladder
bulbous uterus
vermiform appendix
adrenal gland
A
adrenal gland
- has incisors not canines
- no gall bladder in rats
- rats have a Y shaped uterus
- lack a vermifrom appendix
16
Q
Which organ is NOT associated with the digestive system?
jejunum
pancreas
hepatic portal vein
spleen
liver
A
spleen
17
Q
What is the function of the pancreas?
A
- exocrine glands that secreted digestive enzymes that are secreted in duodenum
18
Q
What is the order of the small intestine
A
- DJI
duodenum joins to stomach
Jejunum middle part of small intestine
ileum joins to caecum
19
Q
What is the function of the liver?
A
secretes bile which emulsifies fats and vitamins aiding digestion
20
Q
Identify the organ that is NOT associated with the peritoneum in the rat.
mesentery tissue
pancreas
gall bladder
kidney
bladder
A
gall bladder
21
Q
What is mesentery tissue?
A
double layer of peritoneum - associated with posterior abdominal cavity and the visceral peritoneum
22
Q
During a rat dissection, a student encounters a tubular part of the gut. The student observes that most of this tubular section lies outside the abdominal cavity, and she is told that transport is the main function of the section. Little absorption or secretion occurs there. Which of the following statements about the tube is also correct?
A. it is held open by rings of cartilage
B. it is not connected to either the stomach or the caecum
C. it is convoluted or coiled
D. over most of its length it is suspended from the dorsal body wall by a mesentery
E. it does not receive secretions from either the liver or the pancreas
A
oesophagus
E.
23
Q
Which of the following statements about the rat liver is correct?
A. Like the stomach and intestine, its blood supply is entirely from systemic arteries.
B. It has a tough fibrous connective tissue capsule.
C. Its ducts (hepatic ducts) join the small intestine downstream of the pyloric sphincter.
D. In life it is similar in colour to fat.
E. Most of the liver lies on the same side of the body as the pancreas.
A
C. hepatic duct drains into the duodenum
24
Q
What side of the body does the liver lie?
A
right side of abdominal cavity
25
The structure which prevents you from choking from the food is called the:
glottis
oesophagus
trachea
epiglottis
upper oesophageal sphincter
epiglottis - flap that covers the trachea when swallowing
26
What is the glottis?
opening to the trachea
27
Choose the correct statement that completes the following sentence. In a rat, during swallowing, food:
1. passes dorsal to the soft palate
2. passes dorsal to the trachea and into the oesophagus
3. is prevented from entering the oesophagus by the epiglottis
4. must pass through the glottis as it enters the oesophagus
5. is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by the epiglottis
2.
28
does food pass dorsal or ventral to the soft palate?
ventral
29
During your rat dissection lab, which of the following structures had the least vascular appearance?
Kidney
Liver
Stomach
Lung
Spleen
stomach
30
With respect to the digestive system of the rat, identify the correct statement:
1. The liver has exocrine and endocrine functions.
2. The region of the stomach responsible for food storage is opaque in appearance, whereas the area of the stomach responsible for acid and enzyme release is thin and translucent.
3. As chyme leaves the stomach, it travels from the duodenum, to the ileum next, then to the jejunum.
4. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder, and released in a pulsatile fashion.
5. In the large intestine, content approaching the rectum are semi-fluid, whereas contents leaving the caecum are formed into firm faeces.
1. The liver has exocrine and endocrine functions.
31
What is the state of contents in the caecum?
semi-fluid
32
During a rat dissection, a student encounters a tubular part of the gut. The student observes that most of this tubular section lies in the abdominal cavity, and she is told that digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs there. Which of the following statements about the tube is also correct?
1. It receives secretions from the liver.
2. It is directly connected to the colon.
3. It is straight.
4. Movement of chyme through this tube is under voluntary control.
5. It is located exclusively on the rat’s left side.
Small intestine
1. the liver secreted bile (emulsifies fats and aids in absorption of fats) into the common duct which it shares with the pancreas
33
The occurrence of unusually high amounts of fats and lipids in the faeces of a rat is most likely due to a problem with which organ?
pancreas / spleen
caecum
colon
stomach
liver
liver
34
An organ in the rat which manufactures proteins and then releases them both into the gut and into the blood stream is the:
spleen
thymus gland
adrenal gland
parotid gland
pancreas
pancreas - exocrine as well as secreting digestive enzymes into duodenum
35
Question 1: Which structures, seen in a coronal section of the brain, are all white matter?
1. cerebral cortex, putamen & corpus callosum
2. globus pallidus, corpus callosum & internal capsule
3. globus pallidus, caudate nucleus & internal capsule
4. corpus callosum, cerebral peduncles & internal capsule
5. cerebellum, corpus callosum and pons
D.
corpus callosum - band of white matter than connects the two hemispheres of the brain
cerebral peduncles - refining motor movements, learning new motor skills, balance and posture maintenance. contains corticospinal and corticopontine fibres
internal capsule - white matter tract allowing descending and ascending neurons through
36
What types of fibres that span the left and right hemispheres of the corpus callosum ?
commisural fibres
37
Is the basal ganglia white or grey matter?
grey matter
38
What are the four ‘landmarks’, visible on the lateral side of the human brain, that define the lobes?
lateral fissure, preoccipital notch, end of parieto-occipital sulcus & central sulcus
39
The symptoms displayed by a patient with damage to the Supramarginal and Angular gyri would be:
1. uncoordinated movement of the eyes
2. unable to understand reading and writing
3. unable to control hand movements for writing
4. motor aphasia
5. sensory aphasia
2. unable to understand reading and writing
40
Which of the following lists contains ONLY forebrain structures?
1. lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct
2. cerebellum, medulla, pons
3. thalamus, cerebral hemispheres, medulla
4. corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus
5. cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, superior colliculus
4. corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus
41
What is the diencephalon?
- forebrain
- thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, third ventricle
Primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control
42
A student views a plastinated RIGHT brain hemisphere from the lateral side. Which of the following would be visible to her?
superior temporal gyrus
calcarine sulcus
midbrain
Broca’s area
third ventricle
A: superior temporal gyrus
calcarine sulcus - medial view
midbrain - medial view
brocas - dominant hemisphere (left)
third ventricle - coronal slice
43
Which of the following landmarks does NOT serve as a boundary separating lobes of the human brain?
lateral fissure
parieto-occipital sulcus
pre-occipital notch
central sulcus
calcarine sulcus
A: calcarine sulcus - runs through primary visual cortex and does not define brain lobes
lateral fissure: temporal/forntal
parieto-occipidal sulcus: parietal/occipital
pre-occipital notch: defines beginning of parieto-occipital sulcus
central sulcus: frontal/parietal
44
In the human brain, the gyrus containing the primary auditory cortex is:
postcentral
inferior parietal
inferior frontal
superior temporal
supramarginal
A: superior temporal gyrus
postcentral - primary somatosensory cortex
inferior forntal - brocas region
supra marginal - parietal lobe, inferior
45
The following pairs link function to structure. Which pair is INCORRECT?
A. primary somatosensory cortex - postcentral gyrus
B. Broca’s speech area - inferior frontal gyrus
C. primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus
D. primary visual cortex - superior frontal cortex
E. primary auditory cortex - superior temporal gyrus
D. primary visual cortex - superior frontal cortex
46
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
postcentral gyrus
47
What lobe is the visual cortex located? What runs through it?
located within occipital lobe and calcarine sulcus runs through it
48
What separates the frontal lobe of the brain from the temporal lobe?
central sulcus
lateral fissure
superior temporal sulcus
fronto-temporal sulcus
longitudinal fissure
lateral fissure
49
What does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal lobe
50
What does the longitudinal fissure do?
defines right and left hemispheres
51
Which of the following structures, which are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid or its flow through the brain, is closest to the midbrain?
Third ventricle
Lateral ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Central canal
Choroid plexus
cerebral aquaduct
52
What is the third ventricle, what is its function?
part of the forebrain, located intermediate to the two thalami
produce, secrete and convey cerebrospinal fluid
53
What is the lateral ventricle?
paired C-shaped structures in the cerebrum, superior to the midbrain
54
Where is the cerebral aquaduct located?
midbrain
55
What is the central canal?
the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord
56
What is the choroid plexus?
FOREBRAIN
A network of blood vessels and cells in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain.
produces cerebrospinal fluid
removes waste
supplies nutrients
protects against physical damage
57
A student studies a plastinated specimen of a human brain sectioned on the midline. Viewing the medial surface, all of the following would be visible, except for the:
calcarine sulcus
cerebral aqueduct
corpus callosum
tail of the caudate nucleus
temporal lobe
tail of the caudate nucleus
58
What does the cerebral aquaduct connect?
third and fourth ventricle
59
Does a person with a lesion in the primary visual cortex have problem controlling the movement of eyes?
No - its purpose is for visual processing and directing information to the secondary association areas
60
In a left lateral view of the brain, an area of the motor cortex is indicated. Would this area control movement of the left hand?
No - the corticospinal tract decussates in the lower medulla and thus the left hemisphere would control the right hand
61
What is the pons made up of?
grey matter (cranial nerve nuclei) and white matter (corticospinal fibres)
62
What is the anterior part of the primary visual cortex responsible for?
peripheral vision
63
Where is the substantia nigra found?
in the midbrain
64
All of the following are involved in hearing a question and speaking a reply, EXCEPT:
1. Broca’s area
2. white matter connecting cortical regions of the superior temporal gyrus
3. cortex of the precentral gyrus, frontal lobe
4. cortex of the occipital lobe, centred on the Calcarine Sulcus
5. primary auditory cortex
4. visual functions
65
All of the following statements about the midbrain are true, EXCEPT:
1. It is a component of the brainstem, not the hindbrain.
2. White-matter tracts called the internal capsule makes up the “floor” of the midbrain.
3. The inferior border of the midbrain runs from the posterior edge of the inferior colliculus to the superior edge of the pons.
4. The superior and inferior colliculi make up the “roof” of the midbrain.
5. Cerebral spinal fluid runs through the midbrain.
2. the internal capsule is a tract of white matter but the floor of the midbrain is made of the cerebral peduncles
66
Identify the triplet which contains structures likely to be seen in the same transverse slice that has been cut horizontally through the human brain:
1. Cerebellum, pons, corpus callosum.
2. Thalamus, corpus callosum, fourth ventricle.
3. Superior frontal gyrus, pons, supramarginal and angular gyri.
4. Pons, parietal lobe, cerebral aqueduct.
5. Hypothalamus, temporal lobe, cerebellum.
5.
67
Where is the pons located?
Part of the brainstem, links your brain to your spinal cord.
68
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
most inferiorly located ventricle
draining directly into the central canal of the spinal cord.
Superiorly, it connects to the third ventricle through the cerebral aquaduct.
69
In the Hunger Games arena, Katniss shot a person with an arrow to the head and neck region, which caused total respiratory and cardiovascular failure. Which of the following structures did the arrow most likely damage?
Midbrain
Forebrain
Occipital pole
Cerebellum
Brainstem
brainstem - medulla is the cardiovascular and respiratory centre
70
During brain surgery, the surgeon accidentally damaged a region of the cortex located slightly anterior to the posterior border of the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere. What symptom is this accident likely to cause in the patient?
1. the patient cannot read and understand the breakfast menu
2. the patient cannot understand what people are saying
3. the patient cannot hear through the right ear
4. the patient is unable to speak properly
5. the patient is partially blind
1. refers to supra-marginal and angular region
71
During a MEDSCI 142 lab test, a student lost coordination of their right hand, and started scribbling with their pencil all over their Scantron sheet without any control. Disease to which area is most likely to cause this symptom?
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Supramarginal and angular gyri
Exner’s area
Right primary motor cortex
exners area
only present in the dominant hemisphere
in the pre-motor cortex
plans movement and writing
72
List the three types of white matter fibres and their function
commisural fibres - communicate between hemispheres. eg corpus callosum
Projection fibres - connect descending and ascending tracts eg. internal capsule
Association fibres - connect between areas of the same hemisphere eg. arcuate fasiculus
73
List the structures of the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi (roof of midbrain)
cerebral aquaduct (as thick as a matchstick)
cerebral peduncles (floor of midbrain)
74
What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi?
have a minor role in controlling eye movements and movements related to auditory stimuli
75
What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?
they carry information between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord (corticospinal fibres) and between the cortex and the pons (corticopontine fibres)
76
List the components of the hindbrain
cerebellum, pons, medulla, fourth ventricle
77
What is the posterior region of the visual cortex responsible for?
central vision
78
What is the fluid around the dumbbell shaped thalamus?
third ventricle
79
what is the name of the stalk connecting the thalami?
intermediate stalk
80
What is the superior colliculi responsible for?
sight
81
What is the inferior colliculi responsible for?
sound
82
what is the mammillary body responsible for?
smell
83
List the primary areas of the brain
primary motor (pre-central gyrus)
primary somatosensory (post-central gyrus)
primary auditory cortex
primary visual cortex
84
What hemispheres are the primary areas found in the brain?
both, as they mostly relate to sensory or motor functions on the OPPOSITE side of the body
85
List the secondary association areas
Exner's area (controls hand movement for writing)
Broca's speech area (controls larynx and tongue for speech)
Wernicke's speech area (the main processing centre for spoken language)
Supramarginal and angular gyri (interprets visual symbols as written words)
86
Choose the CORRECT option. The moderator band:
1. prevents blood from pushing the valve cusps into the atrium.
2. provides tension to the cords of the valve during ventricular contraction.
3. is designed to increase the structural strength of the ventricular wall.
4. prevents over-expansion of the ventricle.
5. is part of the heart’s conduction system.
5. is part of the heart’s conduction system.
87
What is the moderator band?
made of muscle
no mechanical function
contains modified cardiac muscle (purkinje fibres) which are a part of the hearts conduction system
88
Which of the following statements is correct about the left ventricle?
1. contains oxygenated blood.
2. pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk.
3. has an atrioventricular valve with 3 cusps.
4. has a ‘C’ shaped lumen when cut in cross section.
5. generates low pressure.
1. contains oxygenated blood
89
What pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
90
Which one of the following structures can be found in the sheep heart?
inferior vena cava
right posterior vena cava
superior vena cava
left anterior vena cava
anterior interventricular sulcus
left anterior vena cava
91
How many vena cava do sheep have?
three - 1 left, 1 anterior and 1 posterior (equivalent to inferior)
92
Where does the posterior vena cava run in the sheep?
runs along the dorsal surface of the heart between the left anterior and right anterior vena cava
93
what vena cava is present in humans but not sheep?
Superior Vena Cava
94
In the sheep heart, blood which enters the coronary arteries has just passed through the:
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
bicuspid valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
aortic valve - blood enters the coronary arteries via two small opening called coronary ostia, located anterior to the aortic valve
95
During your dissection of the sheep heart you used scissors to remove the apex of the heart. Among the structures cut with the scissors at that moment were the:
fossa ovalis
interatrial septum
papillary muscles
aortic valve cusps
left and right auricles
papillary muscles
96
Occasionally after the birth of a lamb the ductus arteriosus fails to close. In that case the expected consequence would be:
1. greater blood flow to the lungs than to the systemic circuit
2. a shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
3. a shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle
4. cyanosis (blue discolouration of the skin)
5. continued blood flow through the foramen ovale
1. greater blood flow to the lungs than to the systemic circuit
97
What is the ductus arteriosus?
The ductus arteriosus is a normal blood vessel that connects two major arteries — the aorta and the pulmonary trunk — that carry blood away from the heart. Blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
98
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus after blood has left the aorta/pulmonary trunk?
The ductus arteriosus is a hole that allows the blood to skip the circulation to the lungs. (not needed in babies)
The ductus arteriosus sends the oxygen poor blood to the organs in the lower half of the fetal body. This also allows for the oxygen poor blood to leave the fetus through the umbilical arteries and get back to the placenta to pick up oxygen.
99
In the sheep heart one of the four heart valves has only two flaps or cusps. When closed this valve prevents blood from flowing:
1. from the left ventricle to the left atrium
2. from the left atrium to the left ventricle
3. from the right ventricle to the right atrium
4. from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk
5. from the aorta to the left ventricle
1.
100
A chamber of the sheep heart is entered by three thin-walled vessels of unequal size. The chamber has a valve at its outlet but no inlet valves. The wall of the chamber is partly smooth, and partly trabeculate. In life, the blood in the chamber would be dark red/blue in colour. The chamber is the:
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
coronary sinus
right atrium - tricuspid is outlet valve of atrium.
101
In relation to the sheep heart, the following pairs describe first a chamber or vessel of the heart, and then the source of the blood which enters it. Which pair is INCORRECT?
aorta – left ventricle
left atrium – cardiac veins
right atrium – three vena cavas
pulmonary trunk – right ventricle
coronary arteries – aorta
left atrium - cardiac veins
102
During a dissection of the sheep heart, most structures encountered are made of either cardiac muscle or connective tissue. Which of the following is made of white fibrous connective tissue?
interventricular septum
moderator band
chordae tendineae
auricles
visceral pericardium
Chordae tendineae
103
“After blood has passed through the ………………………. it returns to the ……………………………… through ……..………………… .”
coronary arteries / left anterior vena cava / cardiac veins
104
What feature tells you you are looking at the dorsal view of the heart from the following?
1. the ligamentum arteriosum.
2. a small, thin-walled blood vessel veering anteriorly and to the left of the heart.
3. the vena cavae entering the left atrium.
4. the left auricle in its entirety.
5. the uppermost structure was a thick, rubbery and cream-coloured vessel.
Left anterior vena cava - a small, thin-walled blood vessel veering anteriorly and to the left of the heart.
105
In the sheep heart, which of the following is associated with the pulmonary valve?
chordae tendineae
first heart sound
papillary muscles
openings (ostia) of the coronary arteries
ventral to the aortic valve
ventral to the aortic valve
106
During Harry’s study of the chambers of the sheep heart, he inserts one blade of his scissors into the lumen of the right ventricle and cuts along the ventricular wall in an anterior direction until he enters the right atrium and partly opens the wall. While making this incision, he is likely to have cut through which of the following?
A coronary artery.
The fossa ovalis.
A pulmonary vein.
A cup-shaped valve cusp lacking tendinous cords.
The interventricular septum.
a coronary artery - right coronary arises from the aorta and wraps around the right side of the heart
107
What does the foramen ovale allow?
allows blood flow from the right to the left atrium (circumventing the lungs)
108
What would happen if the foramen oval remained open after birth?
blood would flow from the left to right atrium resulting in more blood reaching the lungs.
109
What would happen if the ductus arteriosus remained open after birth
blood would be shunted from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk resulting in more blood reaching the lungs.
110
True/False
The physical coming together and touching of the valve flaps generates loud noises which are heard as the heart sounds.
False - sound is due to the turbulence it creates
111
the equivalent of the L anterior vena cava is ____ in humans
humans dont have this
112
the equivalent of the Posterior vena cava is ____ in humans
Inferior vena cava
113
the equivalent of the R anterior vena cava is ____ in humans
Superior vena cava
114
What is the pressure in the right ventricle
5-27 mmHg
115
what is the ligamentum arteriosum?
fibrous bridge linking the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
116
Before birth
The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is a hole in the ____ septum. It allows blood to cross from the ___ atrium to the ___ atrium. It has a flap valve on the ____ side of the septum.
The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of a large fetal vessel called the ___. This vessel carried blood from the ___ to the ___
interatrial/right/left/left
ductus arteriosus/pulmonary trunk/ aorta
117
What function does the foramen ovale provide?
practices the pumping of the left ventricle as blood goes from the RA - LA - LV
118
The midbrain is a component of the ____ ?
brainstem
119
What does the choroid plexus line?
The lateral ventricles
120
In what view is the parieto-occipital sulcus visible?
medial
121
What hemisphere are the secondary association areas found?
dominant hemisphere (usually left)
122
What constitutes the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.
123
Substantia nigra white or grey matter?
white matter
124
Caudate nucleus white or gray matter?
gray
125
If the basal ganglia is responsible for initiating and refining/ controlling muscle tone, what structures are responsible for executing these functions?
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
126
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
functions as part of the basal ganglia system controlling unconscious body movements
127
Describe the shape of the cuadate nucleus
c shaped structure with a wider head and smaller tail. Its head lies anterior to the thalamus and its tail posterior to the thalamus - kind of encapsulates thalamus
128
What is the most lateral basal ganglia structure?
putamen
129
What does the term striatum refer to ?
Striped appearance of grey and white matter
130
What teeth do the rat have? Explain their function
incisors - lack enamel on posterior surface, rapid wear, chisel shape, gnawing
molars - adapted for grinding
131
Where is the penis in male rats?
lies mostly within the abdominal wall
132
What is the name of the long hairs on the face of rats? What is their function?
vibrissae - tactile organs allowing rat to navigate confined spaces in the dark
133
Describe the anatomical position between the prepuce and the scrotum
prepuce lies anterior to the scrotum
134
What is mesothelium?
The tissue that comprises the serous membrane/serosa
135
What is the peritoneum?
the serous membrane that stretches around/ lines the abdominal cavity
136
What is the difference between the parietal peritoneum, mesentery and visceral peritoneum?
parietal peritoneum - "wall", portion of serous membrane in contact with abdomino-pelvic wall
mesentery - "middle", reflect of posterior abdominal wall as a double membrane, transports vessels + nerves
visceral peritoneum - lines intra-abdominal organs in intraperitoneal space
137
What does the peritoneum consist of ?
parietal, mesentery and visceral
138
What shape is the gut tube and what is the purpose of this?
convoluted/coiled in order to be long (5 times length of the rat) to increase surface area fro secretion and absorption
139
How many tubular portions does the gut have, name these
3 - oesophagus, small intestine and large intestine
140
How many sacs does the gut have? Name them.
two - stomach and the caecum.
141
Where does absorption and secretion occur in the rat?
downstream of the oesophagus
142
Where does secretion occur specifically in the rat?
two large glands - liver and pancreas
143
Where do the pancreas and liver secrete into?
small intestine
144
What side of the body does the stomach lie ?
left
145
Describe the anatomical position of the oesophagus traveling from the start to the stomach
travels from the throat through the thoracic cavity, dorsal to the heart and lungs, to the diaphragm where it emerges from a small hole
146
Describe the composition of the anterior lateral portion of the stomach
thin and translucent, specialised for food storage, no glands, protective stratifies squamous epithelium
147
Do humans have glandless portions in the stomach?
no
148
What is the anatomical position of the pyloric sphincter?
medial and posterior
149
Describe the composition of the medial and posterior portion of the stomach
glandular and opaque, release acid and enzymes for digestion.
150
How does the small intestine remain in place?
mesentery tissue
151
Explain how mesentery tissue functions?
blood vessels - supply and drain the intestinal wall.
Arteries carry high pressure oxygenated blood to the intestinal wall are two branches of the dorsal aorta.
The veins drain deoxygenated, nutrient laden blood from the wall of the tributaries to the hepatic portal vein.
152
What is the function of the pancreas?
releases alkaline digestive enzymes into the duodenum AND contains endocrine cells
"DUAL PURPOSE"
153
Where does the pancreas lie in the rat?
close to the greater curvature of the stomach
154
What does the pancreas look like?
small scattered pink lobules resemble grain like deposits of fat
155
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
156
What blood supply does the liver receive?
deoxygenated blood from the small intestine through hepatic portal vein
oxygenated blood from aorta
157
What is the function of the spleen?
recycles proteins, removes dead RBC
158
Compare the shape of the spleen in humans and rats
humans - fist
rat - leaf
159
Where is the spleen located?
Lift up the stomach, beneath its greater curvature, extreme left side of the abdominal cavity
160
List the components of the large intestine
caecum, colon, rectum, anus
161
What is the function of the caecum?
bacteria act on the gut contents
162
What material is broken down in the caecum
cellulose
163
What is the difference between the ventral and dorsal surface of the kidneys? What does this indicate?
ventral - covered in parietal peritoneum
dorsal - attached to the body wall
kidneys are said to be retroperitoneal
164
Describe the anatomy of the roof of the mouth in rats
anterior - hard palate
posterior - soft palate
