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Medsci 142 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

List some functions of the skeletal system (besides the classic movement, protection, support)

A

minear storage and release, fat storage, haemopoiesis

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2
Q

Where is the proximal epiphysis located?

A

highest point of the bone (head of bone)

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3
Q

Where is the metaphysis located?

A

between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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4
Q

Where is the distal epiphysis ?

A

lowest part of the bone (foot of bone)

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5
Q

True/False; Trabecular bone is predominantly found in the diaphysis region.

A

False, Compact bone is predominantly found in the diaphysis region.

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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

outer fibro-cellular sheath surrounding bone.

prefix “peri” means “around”. Thus peri + osteum = around the bone.

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7
Q

What is the function of articulate cartilage?

A

The cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones with a smooth, slippery surface which reduces friction between bones in the joint during movement and helps to absorb shock and support heavy loads. it protects the ends of bones

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8
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

core of the epiphysis

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9
Q

What is the benefit of having spongy bone in our long bones?

A

keeps the bones light in weight

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10
Q

proximal Spongy bone in the epiphysis is likely to contain what type of bone marrow?

A

red - closer to the axial skeleton

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11
Q

the medullary cavity and spongy bone in the distal epiphyseal region is likely to contain what bone marrow?

A

yellow - further away from axial skeleton

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12
Q

What is the the precursor of an osteogenic progenitor cell?

A

unspecialised stem cell (mesenchyme embryonic CT)

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13
Q

What is the function of the osteoprogenitor cell?

A

supplying developing bone with bone forming cells

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14
Q

Where can osteoprogenitor cells be found?

A

surface of bone in periosteum and central canals

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15
Q

What is the precursor to an osteoblast?

A

osteogenic cell

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16
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

deposition of new bone, secrete osteoid and calcify osteoid

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17
Q

Where can osteoblasts be found?

A

where new bone is being formed, usually in a layer under the peri or endosteum (active)

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18
Q

What are the precursors to osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts

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19
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

bone tissue maintanence

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20
Q

Where can osteocytes be found?

A

trapped within lacunae - can communicate with neighboring cells through their long cellular processes inside canaliculi

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21
Q

What is the precursor of osteoclasts?

A

fusion of monocyte (white blood cell) progenitor cells - fuse = syncytium

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22
Q

how do osteoclasts remodel bone?

A

secreted acid and enzymes - dissolves the mineral and organic component of bone

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23
Q

Where can osteocalsts be found?

A

where bone remodelling/resorption is taking place

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24
Q

What is the main structure which attaches the periosteum to the bone?

A
  • The periosteum is attached to the underlying bone by perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers
  • thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix.
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25
Q

What is the name given to the areas between osteons?

A

interstitial lamellae

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26
Q

What is the name given to the layer on the outside of osteons of the bone?

A

outer circumferential lamellae

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27
Q

what is special about the structure of collagen in lamellar bone?

A

Orientation of the collagen fibres within the bone tissue alternates - creates strength

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28
Q

What does the endosteum surround?

A
  • located on the inside of the concentric oesteon rings
  • blood vessels and nerves
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29
Q

Where can the cellular processes of osteocytes be found?

A

canaliculi

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30
Q

What is the structural/functional unit of spongy bone?

A

trabecula

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31
Q

What is the function of spongy bone

A

support stress from multiple directions

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32
Q

Where is the location of blood supply from spongy bone?

A

in sapaces between trabecula

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33
Q

Where is the predominant location of spongy bone ?

A

epiphysis

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34
Q

What is the structural/functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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35
Q

where is the predominant location of compact bone ?

A

diaphysis

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36
Q

What is the location of blood supply of compact bone?

A

haversian canal, volkmanns canal

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37
Q

During the formation of new osteons, ____ are undergoing a process called bone ____ . These cells are formed by the fusion of many ____ cells. Cells that form this way are called a ____.

A

osteoclasts, resorption, monocyte progenitor, syncytium

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38
Q

The area in the center of the osteon is called a ____ and contains blood vessels and ____

A

Haversian canal, nerves

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39
Q

What is the outermost layer of the osteon called?

A

Cement line

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40
Q

What is interstitial lamella

A

lamella located between osteons that do not belong to osteons

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41
Q

During new osteon formation, osteogenic cells are depositing an initial layer called ____ , which consists mostly of ____ and is missing or has low levels of ____ which is found in mature bone.

A

osteoid, collagen, hydroxyapetite

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42
Q

movable or not

Synarthrosis is a ____ joint

A

immovable

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43
Q

Amphiarthrosis is a ____ joint

A

slightly movable

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44
Q

Diarthrosis is a ____ joint

A

freely movable

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45
Q

Give an example of synarthrosis joints

A

structures in the skull in adults

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46
Q

Give an example of amphiarthrosis joints

A

structures in the skull in children, pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

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47
Q

Give an example of diarthrosis joints

A

knees, shoulders, hips, digits, jaw

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48
Q

Label the following on a joint:
- articulating bone
- synocial membrane
- fibrous layer
- articular cartilage
- synovial cavity

A
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49
Q

What are the two layers that make up the synovial membrane?

A

Thin intima and subintima

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50
Q

In-foldings of the synovial membrane are called?

A

Vili

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51
Q

The synovial cavity contains what primarily?

A

Synovial fluid

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52
Q

Thicker sections of the fibrous capsule are called?

A

Capsular ligaments

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53
Q

On the ____ protein, we find many ____ which together make up a ____. Many of these can bond to ____

A

corse, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglaycan, hyaluronic acid

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54
Q

What are the stages of the “loading unloading” cycle?

A
  1. Recently unloaded cartilage - removal of load allows positive ions and water to move into cartilage. -ve charges attract ions from the joint space - increases ion concentration in matrix (osmotic gradient. -water in) this causes cartilage to swell with the influx of water
  2. Unloaded equilibrium - as cartilage swells the collagen is placed under increasing tension - swelling force = tensional force. Swelling cancelled by tension. wants to swell but collagen wont let it
  3. Introduction of load - load squeezes fluid component out of cartilage into joint space. ions, water. andwaste exits
  4. Loaded equilibrium - loss of fluid reduces volume of cartilage = creep. pushes -ve charges together. eventually compressive load force = electrostatic repulsive forces. cartilage stops shrinking
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55
Q

List 4 functions of muscle, 5 of bones and 1 they share

A

muscles: heat production, stability, control of body openings and passages, communication

bone: support, protection, fat storage, haematopoeisis, calcium and phosphorus reserves

both: movement

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56
Q

List the order of the layers of what a surgeon would see if he cut from the skin down to the sarcomere level

A
  • skin
  • superficial fascia
  • deep fascia
  • epimysium (covers muscle)
  • perimysium (covers fasicle)
  • endomysium (covers myocyte)
  • sarcolemma
  • sarcoplasm
  • myofibirl
  • sarcomere (I band, A band, Z discs)
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57
Q

What does the epimysium cover?

A

muscle

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58
Q

What does the perimysium cover?

A

fasicle

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59
Q

What does the endomysium cover?

A

myocyte

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60
Q

What other structures besides mitochondria are found in teh sarcoplasm?

A
  • myoglobin - binds to oxygen, O2 storage
  • glycogen - broken down to glucose for use in cellular respiration
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61
Q

How many nuclei does a skeletal muscle fibre contain

A

hundred or more

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62
Q

how are muscle cells formed during embryonic development?

A
  • fusion of small mesodermal cells called myoblasts.
  • under the micrscope the nucleus and Satellite cells are often mistaken for each other since they occur in a similar location.
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63
Q

Label the following on the cross section of the lower leg:
- muscle, intermuscular septa, interosseus membrane, deep fascia, muscle compartment, subcutaneous tissue

A
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64
Q

collectively the intermuscular septa and interosseus memrane are known as?

A

the investing fascia

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65
Q

True/False

Hypertrophy is when muscle size increases due to increase in the number of myocytes.

A

False - Hypertrophy results in an increase in muscle size, however this is due to increase in the size of individual myocytes. This occurs due to an increase in the number of myofibrils in each myocyte.

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66
Q

True/False
Hyperplasia is when the number of cells in an organ increases. This is the main process by which skeletal muscles grow throughout life.

A

False - Hyperplasia does describe tissue/organ growth through an increase in cell number. However, the predominant method used for skeletal muscle growth is hypertrophy.

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67
Q

True/False
Satellite cells are created by the fusion of myoblasts. They help repair damaged myocytes.

A

False - myocytes are formed by the fusion of myoblasts! Satellite cells are the myoblasts that didn’t fuse - but once they divide, their daughter cells will fuse with the damaged myocyte as part of repair process. It would be more accurate to say that Satellite cells are myoblasts. They help repair damaged myocytes.

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68
Q

Treu/False
Atrophy can be thought of as the opposite process to hypertrophy. It describes a reduction in the number of myofibrils in myocytes.

A

True

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69
Q

True/False
Hypertrophy can be stimulated by many factors, including resistance training and the use of catabolic steroids.

A

False - Resistance training and anabolic steroids can stimulate muscle hypertrophy. Catabolic steroids (ie corticosteroids) can cause muscle atrophy.

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70
Q

What are the two definitions of bone?

A

bone the organ - organs are made up of different tissues
bone the tissue - one of the tissues found the bones the skeleton

71
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

manufacturing of RBC

72
Q

Where is fat stored in the bone?

A

yellow bone marrow

73
Q

How many are there in axial skeleton via appendicular?

A

80, 126 (paired)

74
Q

How does the bone deal with compression?

A

structure of the trabecula softens load by distributing load in different directions

75
Q

Trabecula is covered in?

A

endosteum

76
Q

When bones are in contact with one another, there is no periosteum, instead we have ?

A

articular cartilage

77
Q

What constitutes and alive tissue?

A

blood vessels present

78
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

thin, inner fibro-cellular layer lining medullary cavity

79
Q

What is in the medullary cavity?

A

bone marrow

80
Q

WHat are perforating or sharpeys fibres?

A

matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong collagenous fibres connecting periosteum to bone

81
Q

What is periosteum?

A

outer fibro-cellular sheath surroundign the bone

82
Q

What CT can be found in the ECM of bone?

A
  • fibres (organic): collagen
  • ground substance (inorganic): Hydroxyapetite
83
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres in the bone?

A

resist tension (stretching/pulling)

84
Q

What is the function of hydroxapetite in the bone?

A

resist compression (squeezing/crushing)

85
Q

What is an osteoid?

A
  • unmineralized bone tissue
  • the organic extracellular matrix (mainly collagen) of bone, synthesized by osteoblasts prior to mineral deposition
86
Q

What is the composition of osteoid?

A

70% collagen, remainder is proteoglycans other proteins and water

87
Q

What eventually happens to the osteoid precursor matrix?

A

eventually filtrated with hydroxapetite (bone salts) - calcification
makes the bone strong and dense

hydroxyapetite replaces water

88
Q

What are the two mechanisms in bone remodelling?

A

appositional growth and bone resorption

89
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

bone growing in width not height
adding new bone onto an existing surface

90
Q

describe what happens during appositional growth

A
  1. osteogenic cells divide forming osteoblasts which deposit osteoid
  2. some osteoblasts become trapped in lacunae, eventually becoming osteocytes
  3. when growth stops, osteoblasts can covert back into osteogenic cells or die. Osteoid is fully calcified
  4. now only osteogenic cells are present - resting state
91
Q

What constitutes active bone?

A

as soon as osteobalsts appear

92
Q

Explain what happens during bone resorption

A
  1. monocyte precursor cells leave blood vessle and start to fuse on bone surface
  2. osteoclasts form and start dissolving bone
  3. osteoclasts eventually die (apoptosis), resorption stops
  4. blood vessles grow into new spacew - removing dissolved shit
  5. resting endosteum
93
Q

How do long bones grow in lenght?

A

endochondral ossification - using cartilage to grow bone, replacing cartilage

94
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  1. woven/immature
  2. mature/lamellar
95
Q

What is the difference in collagen between immature and mature bone?

A

immature - randomly arranged
mature - organised to resist tension

96
Q

Why as osteobalsts depost new bone do they put collagen down in sheets alternating 90°?

A

enables bone to withstand forces from different directions, making it significantly stronger

97
Q

What are the two types of lamerllar (mature) bone?

A

spongy and compact bone

98
Q

how is bone remoddled in spongy bone?

A

appositional growth on trabecula depnding onf forces on the bone

99
Q

Label the diagram of spongy bone

A

osteocyte (in lacunae), lamellae, endosteum, osteoclast, blood vessel, canaliculi

100
Q

Why is spongy bone always no thicker than 0.4 mm

A

because osteocyte always in 0.2 mm of a blood vessel

101
Q

Why do we need canaliculi?

A

the ECM of bone is poor in H2O, hard for nutrients and O2 to get to the tissue - canaliculi deliver these to osteocytes more centrally

102
Q

Label a diagram of compact bone

A

medullary cavity, circuferential lamellae, interstitial lamellae, osteon, blood vessels and nerves, concentric lamellae in osteon, central or haversian canal, perforating or volkmanns canal, periosteal vessels, periosteum

103
Q

How are primary osteons formed?

A

formed around an existing blood vessle on the surface of bone (normally in the periosteum)

104
Q

Explain the process of forming a primary osteon

A
  1. osteoblasts in the active perisoteum either side of a blood vessel put down new bone forming ridges
  2. as the bone continues to grow, these ridges come together and fuse forming a tunnel around the blood vessle. the tunnel is now lined with endosteum
  3. the osteoblasts in the endosteum build concentric lamellae onto the walls of the tunnel. the tunnel is slowly filled inward toward the centre forming a new osteon
  4. the bone continues to grow outwards as the osteoblasts in the periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over another blood vessel
105
Q

Explain the process of forming a secondary osteon

A
  1. osteoclasts form and gather in an area that needs to be remodelled.
  2. Bore their way through existing bone - “cutting cone” creating tunnel inside bone
  3. osteoblasts move in and line tunnel wall
  4. osteoblasts form new active endosteum and start depositing osteoid onto the walls of the tunnel
  5. osteoid layer calcified forming new lamella
  6. blood vessel will grow into the newly formed tunnel to supply the cells
  7. osteoblasts depost layer upon layer of new concentric lamellaw onto the walls of he tunnel slowly filling it in
  8. area behind the cutting cone is called the closing cone
  9. some osteoblasts get trapped in the newly formed lamellae becomes osteocytes
  10. tunnel reduced to size of haversian canal - remaining osteoblasts die or become osteogenic cells
106
Q

Where are secondary osteons created?

A

inside existing bone

107
Q

What is the cement line?

A

line at the junction between the outermost lamella of the new osteon and the preexisting older bone

108
Q

What is the difference in unit formation between spongy and compact bone?

A

spongy - grows outwards
compact - grows inwards

109
Q

Besides supporting forces from multiple direction, spongy bone is also repsonsible for?

A

rapid trunover of Ca and P

110
Q

cancellous and cortical bone are terms for?

A

spongy and compact bone

111
Q

What is a joint?

A

any point at which two or more bones interconnect

112
Q

What are the three functions of joints?

A
  1. movement
  2. force transmission
  3. growth
113
Q

From the axial to appendicular skeleton, list the types of joints in order of proximity

A

synarthrosis - amphiarthrosis - dairthrosis

114
Q

What are the most common joints found in the body?

A

simple synovial joints - diarthrosis

115
Q

What are the 4 common features to all synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. articular capsule
  3. joint cavity
  4. synovial fluid
116
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

specialised hyaline cartilage (CT)

117
Q

What is the main function of hyaline cartilage?

A

protect the ends of bones

118
Q

What are the cells of the articular cartilage?

A

chondrocytes
5%

119
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A
  • build, repair and maintain cartilage
  • live in spaces of lacunae
  • they can occur in groups called nests (cells undergoing mitossi)
120
Q

Explain the composition of the extracellular matrix of cartilage (95%)

A

Ground subsatnce
- water and soluble ion s(75% WW)
- Glycosaminoglycans
- proteoglycans

Fibres
-collagen (mainly type II)

121
Q

What is the function of water in the ECM of cartilage?

A

the fluid compartment that can move in and out of the tissue

122
Q

What is the function of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the ECM of cartilage?

A
  • provides the swelling and hydrating mechanism for the proper function of cartilage
  • part of the solid compartment that is fixed inside teh tissue
123
Q

What is the function of collagen in the ECM of cartilage?

A
  • provides the structural integrity to the tissue
  • specific zonation patterns
  • also part of the solid compartment that is fixed inside the tissue
124
Q

How are chondrocytes nourished?

A

diffusion only - no blood vessles, nerves or lymphatics

125
Q

What are the three layers of cartilage?

A
  1. surafce zone - low PG
  2. middle zone - PG content increases as you go down
  3. depp zone - highest PG content
126
Q

What is the orientation of collagen in the three layers of cartilage?

A
  1. surface: fine collagen firbes parallel to surface
  2. Middle zone: thicker random fibres (strength)
  3. deep: fibres perpendicular to surface
127
Q

Why are the collagen fibres in the surface zone parallel?

A

resist the shear, tensile, and compressive forces

128
Q

What is the orientation of chondrocytes in the deep layer of cartilage?

A

nests of chondrocytes in stacks - rejuvinatethe layer by secreting ECM between them

129
Q

List the layers of cartilage to bone

A
  1. surface zone
  2. middle zone
  3. depp zone
  4. tide mark
  5. calcified cartilage
  6. osteochondral junction
  7. subchondral bone
130
Q

What is the tide mark?

A

junction between functional and calcified cartilage

131
Q

What is calcified catilage?

A
  • thin interlayer of hard tissue, between the hyaline articular cartilage and the subchondral bone
  • stress resistant to shearing forces
132
Q

What is the composition of calcified cartilage?

A
  • low in proteoglycans, high in hydorxyapetite
133
Q

What is a glycosaminoglycan?

A

repeating disaccharide unit

134
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

many glycosaminoglycans attached toa core protein

135
Q

Explain how proteoglycans work

A

-ve charges from GAGS (chondroitin and keratin sulphate) repel eachoter
- molecular spring: compress cartilage- bounce back

136
Q

What is the function of the articular capsule?

A

forms a sleeve around joint
not to tightly hold bones toggether - suitably loose to permit joint function properly

137
Q

What are ligaments

A

dense regular connective tissue connecting bone. to bone
can be found at articular capsule

138
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the articular capsule?

A

outer layer of dense connective tissue both regular and irregular

139
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the articular capsule made of?

A

parallel but interlacing bundles of white collagen continuous with periosteum of the bone

140
Q

What are capsular ligaments responsible for?

A

resist tensional forces
designed to check excessive and abnormal joint movement

141
Q

Is the fibrous layer vasuclar/nerve supply?

A

poorly vasuclarised, richly innervated

142
Q

What is the synovial membrane of the articular capsule?

A

inner layer of loose connective tissue of variable thickness

143
Q

What does the synovial membrane line?

A

all non-articular surfaces inside joint cavity

144
Q

What can the synocial membrane be divided into?

A

subintima and intima

145
Q

What is the intima?

A

1-3 cells thin
synoviocytes secrete components found in synovial fluid

146
Q

What is the subintima?

A

between fibrous layer and intima
highly vascular, macrophages, fat cells, fibroblasts

147
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

yellowish fluid, ultrafiltrate of blood plasma
(HA secretd. by synoviocytes)

148
Q

FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL FLUID?

A

lubrication, shock absorption, chondrocyte metabolism, joint manintenance

149
Q

What do muscles stabalise?

A

joints and psoture

150
Q

What is the origin of muscle?

A

attachment that moves the least during muscle contraction

151
Q

What is the insertion of muscle?

A

attachment that moves the most during muscle contraction

152
Q

What. isa tendon?

A

links muscle to bone

153
Q

What is the osteotendinous junction?

A

between bone and tendon
blends with periosteum
very strong

154
Q

What is the myotendionus junction?

A

weaker
between muslce and tendon

155
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the perimysium and entire muscle

156
Q

What. is the perimysium?

A

dense irregular connectie tissue surrounding the fasicles (continous with epi and endo)

157
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

loose irregular connective tissue surrounding myocytes
contains enrves and blodo vessels that supply myocytes

158
Q

What does the basement membrane between the endomysium and myocyte consit of?

A

secretions from fibroblasts in endomysium + myocyte secretions

159
Q

What is a myocyte/myofibre?

A

muslce fibre - contains many myofibrils

160
Q

How variable is myocyte size?

A

x10 fold 10um to 100um

161
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

dense connective tissue (regular and irregular)

162
Q

Where is the dep fascia found?

A

underlies skin and subcutaneous layer

163
Q

Muscles that are supplied by the same nerves or have simular functions can sometimes be found geouped in a ____. Of which the outer layer is made up of ____

A

muscle compartment, deep fascia

164
Q

What are the deeper walls of the dascia reffered to as?

A

investing fascia (eg. intermuscular septa, interosseous membranes)

165
Q

Can muscle move under the deep fascia?

A
  • most areas epimysium can move. andglide udner deep fascia
  • other areas deep fascia part of muscle tendon and can act as attachment point
166
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

when an organ or tissue undergoes increases in size due to increase inc ell number. skeletel doesnt usually do this

167
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in muscle size due to increase in size of myofibirls as a result of increased myofifbril size NOT NUMBER

168
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

heavy resistance training, anabolic steroids

169
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A
  • variants of testosterone
  • increase protein synthesis through interaction with skeletal m and bone
  • side effects of intercation with other tissues - coronary artery disiease, mood swings - roid rage, liver failire, shrivelled testes, infertilitry
170
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

decrease in size due to reduction of myofibrils in the myocytes

171
Q

When does muscle atrophy occur?

A

when muscles arent used or stimulated by motor neruons

172
Q

What. ishypoplasia?

A

loss of myocyte cell intelf

173
Q

Wher are satelitte cells found?

A

lie beside the muscle fibres, outside the sarcolemma but within the same basement membrane

Medsci 142 (10 decks)

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