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Medsci 142 > 02 Endocrine > Flashcards

02 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, peripheral nerves

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3
Q

What are the two types of neurons that connect the periphery with the CNS?

A
  • motor (efferent) neruons
  • sensory (afferent) neurons
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4
Q

What are the two divisions of motor (efferent) neurons?

A
  • somatic - voluntary
  • autonomic - involuntary - (divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS)
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5
Q

What forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

schwann cells

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6
Q

Describe how an AP travels down a presynaptic neuron and the response it elicits in the postsynaptic neuron

A
  1. AP arrives at presynaptic axon terminal
  2. voltage gated Ca+ channels open resulting in Ca2+ influx into the presynaptic membrane
  3. synaptic vessels fuse to presynaptic membrane and expel neurotransmitter (NT) into synaptic cleft
  4. NT diffuses across synaptic cleft
  5. NT binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  6. ligand gated ion channels open resulting Na+ influx
  7. Postsynaptic potential depolarizes to threshold triggering an AP
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7
Q

What is the sensory input for autonomic and somatic systems?

A
  • Autonomic - interoreceptors
  • Somatic - special senses and somatic senses
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8
Q

What neurotransmitters are present in the autonomic vs somatic system?

A
  • autonomic - acetylcholine and norepinephrine
  • somatic - acetylcholine
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9
Q

Where is ACh released in the autonomic system?

A
  • preganglionic axons
  • postganglionic parasympathetic
  • postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands
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10
Q

Where is norepinephrine released in the sympathetic system?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibres other than to sweat glands

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11
Q

The motor neuron pathway of the somatic vs autonomic system consist of a _____# neuron pathway

A
  • somatic - one neuron
  • autonomic - two neuron
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12
Q

What are the effectors in the somatic system?

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What are the effectors in the autonomic system?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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14
Q

Describe the neuron pathway and the neurotransmitter involved in the somatic NS

A

One neuron pathway, myelinated, releases ACh, effector is skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Describe the neuron pathway and the neurotransmitters involved in the parasympathetic NS

A

two neurons pathway, preganglionic neuron is myelinated, synapses in the autonomic ganglion, releases ACh, 2 neuron (postganglionic neuron) is unmyelinated and releases ACh

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16
Q

What is ganglion and where is it found?

A

neuronal bodies found in the somatic and autonomic branches of the PNS

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17
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • controls internal organs via the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
  • regulates behavioral patterns, circadian rhythm, body temperature and eating/drinking behaviour
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18
Q

What three glands influence other glands?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands

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19
Q

Describe the order of actions lipid soluble hormones take to act on target cells

A
  1. transported in blood bound to transport proteins
  2. diffuse directly through cell plasma membrane
  3. bind to receptors within nucleus or cytosol of a target cell to alter gene expression
  4. mRNA direct synthesis of new proteins (usually enzymes)
  5. physiological responses/cell activity altered response to the hormone
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20
Q

Describe the order of actions water soluble hormones take to act on target cells

A
  1. binds to receptors on target cell membrane
  2. activates G protein which activates adenylate cyclase
  3. ATP converted to cAMP.
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases
  5. phosphorylation of enzymes within the cell
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21
Q

With respect to size and myelination of cell axons, the velocity of nerve impulse conduction is greatest in what size and myelinated or non myelinated fibres?

A

large diameter, heavily myelinated fibres

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22
Q

Endocrine hormones act on ____ cells

A

distant target

23
Q

Paracrine hormones act on ____ cells

A

local target

24
Q

Autocrine hormones act on ________

A
  • the cell that produced the hormone
25
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic preganglionic neuron is

A

acetylcholine

26
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the the sympathetic postganglionic neuron on most effector tissues is

A

norepinephrine

27
Q

the neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic postganglionic neuron on sweat glands is

A

acetylcholine

28
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron is

A

acetylcholine

29
Q

the neurotransmitter released from the parasympathetic postganglionic neruon is

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

What is the difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?

A

preganglionic neurons arise from the central nervous system and supply the ganglia
postganglionic neurons arise from the ganglia and supply the tissues.

31
Q

What are interoceptors?

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body

32
Q

The sensory input for the somatic nervous system is ___?

A

special senses and somatic senses

33
Q

The sensory input for the autonomic nervous system is ___?

A

interoceptors

34
Q

The control output is voluntray/involuntary for the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary

35
Q

The control output for the autonomic nervous system is voluntary/involuntary ?

A

involuntary

36
Q

The motor neuron pathway of the somatic nervous system consists of a one/two neuron pathway?

A

one neuron

37
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of a one/two neuron pathway?

A

two neuron

38
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

connects to the hypothalamus bia the hypophyseal portal system (vascular connection)

39
Q

What is the name of the stalk that connect the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

40
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

responds to releasing and inhibiting hormones from ventral hypothalamus (GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH)

releases GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

41
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland connect to the hypothalamus?

A

Via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (neural connection)

42
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

responds directly to hypothalamic neurons?
releases oxytocin + ADH

43
Q

What are the three components of an alarm response?

A
  1. alarm response
  2. extended alarm response
  3. resistance reaction
44
Q

What division of the nervous system is involved in the alarm response?

A

sympathetic

45
Q

What hormones mediate the extended alarm response? And which gland secretes these?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine
secreted by the adrenal medulla

46
Q

What hormone mediates the resistance reaction? What gland secretes this hormone?

A

cortisol
adrenal cortex

47
Q

How long does the alarm response take?

A

milliseconds

48
Q

How long does the extended alarm response take?

A

seconds - minutes

49
Q

How long does the resistance response take?

A

minutes - hours

50
Q

Describe the alarm and extended alarm response pathway

A
  • sympathetic nerves (postganglionic norepinephrine) to visceral effectors (lungs, heart, blood vessels)
  • flight or fight response elicited

and

  • adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood
  • supplements and prolongs the alarm response
51
Q

Describe the resistance reaction pathway

A
  • neurosecretory cells release CRH into primary hypophyseal plexus, then portal vein to anterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary releases ACTH into bloodstream
  • adrenal cortex releases cortisol into the bloodstream
  • resistance reaction elicited
52
Q

Describe how the resistance reaction is regulated

A
  • high levels of cortisol in the blood stream remain after stressor is removed
  • inhibition of ACTH
  • inhibits CRH secretion
53
Q

Name some physiological responses of the alarm response

A
  • Increased sweat gland secretion (cold sweat)
  • Dilation of bronchi
  • Dilation of pupils
  • Heart: increased rate + force of contraction; “pounding heart”
  • Skin: contraction of arrector pili in skin (goose flesh)
  • Digestion: decreased salivation & digestion
  • Constriction of peripheral blood vessels (pale skin)
  • Increased blood pressure and water retention
54
Q

Name some physiological responses of the resistance reaction

A
  • Suppression of immune system
  • Gluconeogenesis, lypolysis, AA breakdown
  • Resistance to stresses eg. exercise, infection, trauma
  • Reduced inflammation/anti-inflammatory
  • Sensitised vessels (to agents that cause vasoconstriction)

Medsci 142 (10 decks)

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