Reproductive Flashcards
How to evaluate female development stages?
Tanner Stages
Tanner stage 1
< 10yrs,
preadolescent,
no hair
Tanner stage 2
10-11 yrs,
small amount hair,
breast buds
Tanner stage 3
11-13 yrs,
elevation of breast and areola, menses stage III - IV
Tanner stage 4
13-14yrs,
adult like but no hair on thigh
Tanner stage 5
> 14 yrs,
mature stage,
projection of nipple only,
hair extends to thighs
Define menarche, menopause, and postmenopausal bleeding
menarche = 1st period
menopause = 12 months without a period; age 48 - 55yo
postmenopausal bleeding = bleeding after 12 months without a period. need a biopsy
Define dysmenorrhea, LARC, PMS, Dyspareunia, and vaginismus
Dysmenorrhea = pain/cramps with period
Contraction LARC - long acting reversible contraception.. Periguard = copper that repels sperm, no hormones
PMS; for 3 consecutive cycles*
Dyspareunia = pain with sex
Vaginismus = vaginal pain in young girls with low estrogen
STIs can cause…
Chlamydia can cause infertility
Men present with “UTI” symptoms, UTI is rare, think STI*
Bartholin Glands
Located under the vagina above the anus
Job = Lubricate the vagina
Older women with low estrogen get dry
Infection = d/t e. Coli or gram - d/t proximity to rectum OR STI (chlamydia or gonorrhea)
Cervix
“Donut” cerivcal epithelia and transformation zone
Opening to the uterus
Papsmears to eval for HPV
16 and 18 –> CANCER
6 and 11 –> WARTS
Vaccinate everyone, including gay men up to 45yrs old
Epidermoid cyst
Benign in the epidermis
Venereal wart
d/t HPV 6 and 11
Syphillitic chancre
Painless
Uterine prolapse
Uterus falls through
Genital herpes
Painful in clusters, shallow vesicles
Bartholin gland infection
d/t STI or e. Coli from rectum
Condyloma acuminatum
Genital warts - HPV 6 and 11
Clue Cells
= bacterial vaginosis
Saline wash, highly concentrated, STI.
Tx = flagyl
“Sniff test” after saline or potassium –> fishy smell
Trichomonas (from wet mound reading)
with TAILS, move quick
not normal, STI that needs to be treated ASAP
Yeast
Potassium wash to kill everything else, DOES NOT kill yeast
Lactobacilli
normal
Papsmear
Begin at 21 years old, does NOT have to be sexually active
Breasts
are fibrotic before period, examine 5-7 days after period onset
Dense = estrogen
Palpate with pad of fingertip in circular, vertical strip, or wedge motion
FEEL UP INTO AXILLA FOR TAIL OF SPENCE
Young people need an ultrasound versus mammogram.
If you squeeze the breast and milk comes out…
If milk comes out & not pregnant = prolactinoma
Brain MRI immediately d/t pituitary tumor that is compressing
Can lose lateral vision d/t tumor compression
Breast Masses - fibroadenoma, cysts, cancer
Fibroadenoma = fluctuate, come and go
Cysts = fluid filled, aspirate
Cancer = no well defined, Retraction, Abnormal contours, Skin dimpling, Edema of skin
Paget Disease
= nipple cancer
Mammograms
@ 40 years old, yearly
Male breasts
Male Breast: small nipple and areola, thin tissue
1% of breast CA
Gynecomastia = hormonal, will go away mostly
Testis
make sperm, nourishment
epididymis
top of testicle, stores and matures sperm
Vas Deferens
carry sperm up
BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia - common older men, restricts the urethra –> dysuria, nocturia, dribble
PHIMOSIS
“CANT SAY HI”
Cannot RETRACT
PARAPHIMOSIS
Remains retracted, cannot pull forward
SURGICAL EMERGENCY
Epidermoid cyst
benign
Hypospadias
urethral opening on bottom
Epispaidias:
urethral opening on TOP
Scrotal edema =
d/t fluid or inflammation
Hydrocele =
fluid filled mass, nontender
Scrotal hernia
= indirect inguinal hernia that comes from external inguinal ring, finger cannot get above the mass
Cryptorchidism:
testes fail to descend
atrophied testes and lays outside the scrotum
Small testes =
<2cm, klinefelter syndrome
Acute Orchitis =
inflamed testes
MUMPS
Spermatocele:
painless fluid filled cyst in epididymis
Varicocele:
“bag of worms” enlargement of veins within scrotum
Can cause infertility
Torsion of spermatic cord:
MEDICAL EMERGENCY
Only 6 hours until testes die
Prehns Sign:
test for testicular torsion
- ++ pain = testicular torsion
- no pain = epididymitis
Indirect hernia
Indirect: most common
Comes down inguinal canal Into scrotum
have pt cough
Direct hernia
above inguinal ligament next to external inguinal ring
Bulges anteriorly and pushes the side of the finger forward, common in men >40yrs
External inguinal ring
- direct
Have them valsalva
HPV wart causing strains
6 and 11 –> warts
Herpes Simplex
d/t vesicles
Chancre =
painless erosion, 2cm
d/t syphilis
Chancroid =
red papule then becomes painfully deep ulceration
Caused by haemophilus ducryi, rare STI
Testicular self exam:
- in mirror, one at a time, should be smooth
- ages 15- 35 cancer most common
Prostate CA screening:
> 50years old, digital rectal exam feel ANTERIORLY
risk factors for testicular cancer
- cryptorchidism
- mumps
- inguinal hernia
- hydrocele in childhood
- family history and history of carcinoma in contralateral testicle
cryptorchidism
= one or both testicles fail to descend from abdomen to scrotum