Neuro Flashcards
4 lobes of the brain
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Brain stem functions
- breathing, BP, HR, swallowing, reflexes, hearing, startle response, sweating, digestion, temperature
- level of alertness, sleep, and balance
Cerebellum
regulates coordination of movement, posture, and balance
Parietal Lobe
sensations language perception body awareness attention
occipital lobe
vision
perception
cerebellum
posture
balance
coordination of movement
temporal lobe
hearing
language
memory
Wernickes Area
in temporal lobe
- language comprehension
Brocas Area
in the frontal lobe
- speech control
Frontal Lobe
movement
problem solving
concentrating, thinking
behavior, personality, mood
sensory area
in the parietal lobe
- skin sensations
- temp, pressure, pain
motor area
in the front lobe
- control of voluntary muscles
White matter =
Neuronal axons coated with myelin, rapid transmission of impulses (inbetween)
Grey matter =
neuronal cell bodies that rim the surface of cerebral hemisphere forming the cerebral cortex
4 principal parts of the brain
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brainstem
Diencephalon
connects the brainstem to the cerebrum
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
- posterior pituitary
- pineal gland
hypothalamus
links the nervous and endocrine system
- 4 Fs = feeding, fighting, fleeing, fooling around
- hormones to maintain homeostasis, temp BP and respiration control
- controls hunger, thirst, sleep and wake cycles
Thalamus
Made of grey matter, receives all sensory input (not smell) to integrate visual, auditory, and taste senses
- sends info to the cerebrum
- higher mental functions like memory
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
maintains sleep wake cycle
5-8mm
Brainstem 3 parts
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
midbrain
Origin on CN 3 and 4
Eye movement, auditory and visual processing
Pons
Origin for CN 5-8
Involuntary bodily functions
Sleep and consciousness cycle
Medulla Oblongata
Point of origin CN 9-12
Controls vital functions - HR/breathing/BP/swallowing/vomiting
Spinal Cord
- extends from the brainstem to L1-L2
- Lumbar Punctures @ L3-L5
Spinal Cord and nerves
31 spinal nerves
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
functions of the spinal cord
sends sensory info to the brain, receives motor input from the brain, and carries out reflexes
left cerebral cortex
sensory from the right side and controls the right side of the body
right cerebral cortex
sensory from the left and controls motor of the left
Afferent Sensory Pathways
- Spinothalamic tract
- Sensory crosses over and arrives to the sensory cortex of the parietal lobe
Efferent Motor Pathways
- Corticospinal tract from the cerebral cortex and travel DOWN
- @ medulla, they cross over and contain motor fibers (PYRAMIDS)
- In the pyramid voluntary control
- Outside the pyramind - involuntary
Cranial Nerves
“On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How”
- olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- vestibulocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
Cranial Nerves - Sensory vs. Motor
“Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more”
1 Olfactory, sensory 2 Optic, sensory 3 Oculomotor, motor (opening eye) 4 Trochlear, motor 5 Trigeminal - both 6 Adducens, motor 7 Facial - both Motor = stick out tongue, smile, close eyes Sensory = tongue 8 Vestibulocochlear, sensory 9 Glossopharyngeal - both Swallowing gag reflex 10 vagus - both Digestion 11 accessory, motor 12 hypoglossal, motor
Upper Motor Neurons
Tone and control
Lesion —> spasticity, + Babinski, hypertonic
Lower Motor Neurons
Peripheral
Lesion —> flaccid, hypotonnic, hyporeflexive, atrophy, - babinski
Dermatones
Adermatomeis an area of skin in whichsensorynerves derive from a single spinal nerve root
Symptoms that follow adermatome(e.g. like pain or a rash) may indicate a pathology that involves the related nerve root..
Reflexes
- Possible by neural pathways = reflex arcs which act on an impulse
- Does not go to the brain
- Hyperreflexia = lesion in UPPER
Triceps reflex location tests?
= C7 C8
Bicep and brachioradialis location
C5 C6
Patellar reflex location
L2
L3
L4
Achilles reflex tests?
S1
Changes in older adults
- decreased agility leads to falls
- lower ability for ADLS
- hearing and vision loss, anosmia (loss of smell)
- tremors (increased by anxiety, decreased by ETOH)
- fecal/urinary incontinence
- TIAs = transient neuro deficits
MOCA
used for detecting mild cognitive impairments
DTR grading
0 = no response, absent 1+ = somewhat diminished, low normal 2+ = average, normal 3+ = brisker, slightly hyperreflexic 4+ = very brisk, hyperactive with clonus
Romberg Test
stand with eyes closed for 20 sec, + = imbalance
tests for appendicular ataxia
finger to nose, heel to shin, rapid alternating movements
testing for truncal ataxia
stance and gait
Babinski
stroking the bottom of the foot, toes should fan downward
UP = BAD
Stroke warning signs
FAST
face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time
primary prevention of stroke
HTN, smoking, hyperlipidemia, DM, obsese, poor diet/nutrition, physical activity, alcohol
disease specific risk factors for stroke
Afib
carotid artery disease
OSA
Multiple Sclerosis changes ?
- With MS white matter becomes sclerotic. 1st sign is vision changes
