Muscle Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
concern with teenage girl and backpain
A
UTI –> pylonephritis
2
Q
bone pain characteristics
A
deep, aching, throbbing, worse at night
3
Q
muscle pain characteristics
A
crampy, stiff, sore, achy
4
Q
joint pain characteristics
A
synovial inflammation, tenderness
5
Q
concern with landscaper?
A
Lyme disease
6
Q
NSAIDS and ASA chronic use concerns
A
ulcers, increase BUN and creatinine
7
Q
rheumatoid arthritis
A
autoimmune disease, symmetrical
- morning stiffness >1hr
- profound fatigue
- improves with activity
- worse with rest
- systemic
8
Q
osteoarthritis
A
due to wear and tear
- <30min morning stiffness
- minimal fatigue
- worse with activity
- improves with rest
- not systemic
9
Q
Gout
A
d/t increased uric acid
10
Q
Ankylosing Spondylitis
A
HLAB27 test for genetic disorder that causes bones in the spine to fuse
11
Q
concerning signs of a serious pathology
A
- erythema, warmth, effusion, decreased ROM
- fever, rash, chills, acute joint pain
- underlying bleeding disorder with anticoag use
- bone pain, weight loss, night pain
12
Q
acute joint pain in a sexually active young adult could indicate?
A
syphilis or gonorrhea
13
Q
articular structures
A
connects bones - consists of joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovium, and synovial fluid
14
Q
extra articular structures
A
ligaments, tendons, nursae, muscle, fascia, bone, nerve, overlaying skin
15
Q
Synovial Joints
A
freely moveable, covered by articular cartilage
- self lubricating, almost frictionless
- able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads
- knee or shoulder
(diathrosis)
16
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
immobile, connected by fibrous connective tissue between bones
- skull
(synarthrosis)
17
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
connected by cartilage. less movement than synovial yet more than fibrous.
- discs allow flexion and extension, cushion/shock absorber
- protects spinal cord, brain, and nerves
(amphiarthrosis)
18
Q
types of synovial joints
A
- spheroidal
- hinge
- condylar
19
Q
spheroidal joint
A
ball and socket
- convex within a concave cavity
- wide range of motion
- shoulder/hip
20
Q
hinge joint
A
flat, planar
- motion in one plane: flexion, extension
- hand, foot, elbow joints
21
Q
condylar joint
A
convex or concave articulating surfaces
- movement of two surfaces
- knee, TMJ
22
Q
Bursae
A
disc-shaped synovial sacs
- cushions movement of tendons and muscle over bone
- lie b/w skin and convex surface of bone/joint and where muscles or tendons run against bone
23
Q
Rotator Cuff muscles
A
- Supraspinatus.
- This holds your humerus in place and keeps your upper arm stable. - Infraspinatus.
- This is the main muscle that lets you rotate and extend your shoulder. - Teres Minor.
- This is the smallest rotator cuff muscle. - Subscapularis.
24
Q
Tendons
A
collagen fibers that connect muscle to bone
25
ligaments
rope like bundles of collagen fibrils
| bone - bone
26
Cartilage
firm tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone
| - connects bones together
27
muscle grading system
```
0 = contraction/paralysis
1 = feel contraction yet no movement
2 = passive ROM
3 = full ROM against gravity
4 = full ROM some resistance
5 = full ROM with resistance
```
28
flexion
decreasing joint angle
29
extension
increasing joint angle
30
abduction
motion away from midline
31
adduction
motion toward midline
32
rotation
pivotal
internal - towards midline
external - away from midline
33
Temporal Arteritis (TA)
- systemic vasculitis, "giant cell"
- Present = new headache, 50+ yrs old, with a high ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
- jaw pain --> blindness d/t compression and inflammation
34
bones of the shoulder
humerus
scapula
clavicle
sternum
35
parts of scapula
glenoid
acromion
coracoid
scapular body
36
shoulder joint parts
- acromion = "ceiling" of shoulder
- glenoid fossa = "saucer"
- bursa = membrane cushion
- supraspinatus = tendon and muscle that help form the rotator cuff
- humeral head = ball of upper arm
37
shoulder impingement
inflammation of the subacromial space
- under the acromion and above the glenohumeral joint
- affects the supraspinatus and the subacromial/subdeltoid bursa
- hurts with seatbelt, hair brushing, bra
38
scarf test
The scarf test, also known as the cross-body adduction test, is used to assess the integrity of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.
39
Labral Tear
young athletes
- clicking or catching inside
- SLAP = superior labrum anterior-posterior pattern
need MRI, PT, or surgery
40
muscles with arm abduction
infraspinatus and teres minor
41
Rotator cuff muscles
```
4 = SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatous
Teres Minor
Subscapularis stabilize humerus
```
42
shoulder supportive muscles
pectoralis
deltoid
biceps
43
Cranial nerve 11 test
shoulder shrug
44
external rotation, lateral tests what muscle?
infraspinitus and teres minor
45
painful arc test
slowly bringing arm up and increasing the angle
| + test = shoulder pain between 60 and 120 degrees means a subacromial or rotator cuff disorder
46
Hawkins test
with elbow bent at 90 degrees, then move the elbow up and wrist down
+ = pain, indicating impingement of shoulder
47
Neers Test
pt arm in front and thumb down, with providers hand on the scapula, the arm is raised in forward flexion
+ = pain
48
Empty can test
tests for supraspinatus weakness
- 90 degrees of shoulder flexion, internal rotation and 30 degrees of horizontal adduction with downward pressure applied
+ = pain
49
Elbow - bones and joints?
```
bones = humerus, radius, ulna
joints = humeroulnar, humeroradial, radioulnar
```
50
elbow flexion
bend - biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis muscles
51
elbow extension
straighten
| - triceps and anconeus
52
elbow supination
palms up, biceps and supinator muscles
53
elbow pronation
palms down
| pronator teres, pronator quadratus muscles
54
Lateral Epicondylitis
tennis elbow
| "TEL me about that"
55
Medial Epicondylitis
Golfers elbow
| "You're a GEM golfer"
56
Hand joints
DIP
PIP
MCP
distal interphalangeal joint
proximal interphalangeal joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
57
wrist and hand muscle groups
- flexion - 2 carpal muscles (radial and ulnar)
- extension - 2 radial 1 ulnar
- supination and pronation = forearm contraction
58
Thenar crease
crease in palm
| If there is pallor there = anemia
59
Carpal Tunnel
- median nerve compression causing numbness, tingling, or weakness in hand
- affects inner aspect of thumb, through ring finger
Spares ulnar nerve, pinky is NOT affected
60
Tinel Test
"TAP"
- taps over wrist where median nerve passes through
+ = electric/sharp pain/tingling in the hand
61
Phalen Test
"FLAP"
- flexes wrists with elbows raised and backs of hands pressed together for 1 min
+ = pain or tingling in median nerve area
62
3 spinal curvatures
- scoliosis = curvature
- kyphosis = thoracic spine curves outward
- lordosis = lumbar spin curves inward
63
Back pain test
Straight Leg Raise (SLR) for sciatica
- pt lay on back and leg is raised
+ = 30-70 degrees of raise causes pain that radiates down the leg to below the knee, or to toes
dorsiflex worsens pain
64
Hip bones and cartilage
Bones:
- Ileum
- Sacrum
- Femur
- Ischial tuberosity
Cartilage: symphysis pubis
65
Knee --bones
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
66
knee joints
patello-femoral (gliding motion of patella in femoral groove)
femero-tibial (hinge) with ligaments meniscus and bursas
67
knee landmarks
```
patella
patellar tendon
quad tendon
femoral condyles
tibial tuberosity
medial and lateral joint line
popliteal space
collateral ligament
quads/hamstrings
```
68
front knee pain could mean:
chronodomalacia patella
patella tracking
bursitis
arthritis
69
pain above the knee could indicate:
quadricep tendon or swelling
70
pain behind the knee could indicate:
Bakers Cyst or arthritis
71
Elderly person with posterior knee pain without trauma --
think bakers cyst
72
pain on inside or outside of knee could indicate:
meniscus or collateral ligament tears
| arthritis
73
pain below the knee =
osgood-schlatter disease which occurs in teens that are growing
74
ACL injury
Anterior
| non-contact rotational injury
75
How to test for ACL injury?
Anterior Drawer test
| Lachmans Test
76
PCL injury
fall with flexed knee
| posterior
77
PCL tests
Posterior drawer test
| posterior sag test
78
how do you conduct the anterior drawer test? the posterior?
```
anterior = lower leg is pulled up to check the knee joint laxity (ACL)
posterior = lower leg is pushed down to check knee joint (PCL)
```
79
How is the lachmans test done?
one hand on the femur, knee at 20 degree angle, the other hand pulls the tibia anteriorly to check stability (ACL test)
80
MCL injury
occurs with blow to the knee LATERAL or by rotational stress
81
how to test for MCL injury
valgus stress test -- pt on back, bring knee inward
"Lateral knee to vaLgus"
more common
82
LCL injury
blow to medial knee with varus tension forces --
83
how to test for LCL injury?
varus stress test -- pt on back, knee rotated externally
84
meniscus injury
d/t flexion or hyperflexion with knee rotation, often occurs with a ligament injury
S&S = joint line pain, clicking or locking
85
bones of the ankle
tibia
fibula
talus
lateral/medial malleolus
86
most common ankle sprain?
inversion, "rolling" of the ankle out and foot inward
87
strain? sprain?
Strain = injury to muscle or tendon and is stretched too far.
most common = hamstring, calves, achilles tendon
Sprain = injury to ligament and it stretches or tears
most common = ankles, knees, and wrist joints
88
bunion
bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe, can cause hammer toes
89
mortons neuroma
thickening of the tissue around one of the nerves leading to the toes between the 3rd and 4th toes ...
causing a sharp burning pain in the ball of the foot
#1 cause = high heels
