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Reproduction (farm) > Reproduction (Yr 1) > Flashcards

Reproduction (Yr 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of gametes (oocytes) in the ovaries

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2
Q

what does the mature graafian follicle (dominant follicle) form after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

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3
Q

how long does the corpus luteum last before undergoing luteolysis?

A

14 days

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4
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
growth hormone
prolactin

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5
Q

what hormone involved in the oestrus cycle is released by the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)

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6
Q

what is FSH responsible for?

A

stimulating growth and recruitment of immature ovarian follicles

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7
Q

what is LH responsible for?

A

stimulation maturation of follicle, ovulation and luteinisation

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8
Q

what hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?

A

progesterone

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9
Q

what effect does progesterone have on GnRH and the anterior pituitary?

A

negative feedback to prevent GnRH, LH and FSH production

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10
Q

what triggers the LH surge?

A

positive feedback from oestradiol being released from the dominant follicle

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11
Q

what controls seasonality?

A

the effect of melatonin on GnRH production

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12
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle of the sheep?

A

17 days

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13
Q

how long does oestrus last in sheep?

A

30 hours

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14
Q

when do sheep ovulate in relation to oestrus?

A

20-25 hours after the start of oestrus

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15
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle of cows?

A

21 days

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16
Q

how long is oestrus in cows?

A

18 hours

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17
Q

when does ovulation occur in relation to oestrus in cows?

A

20-30 hours from the start of oestrus

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18
Q

what effect does progesterone always have of GnRH?

A

inhibits it

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19
Q

what determines the length of the oestrus cycle?

A

lifespan of the corpus luteum

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20
Q

what causes luteolysis?

A

prostaglandin F2 alpha

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21
Q

what is reproductive function controlled by?

A

GnRH pulse generator in the brain

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22
Q

what is puberty?

A

the acquisition of reproductive competence

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23
Q

what signals sexual maturity in animals?

A

the increased pulsatility of GnRH

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24
Q

what factors can influence when puberty occurs?

A

weight
age
metabolic status
photoperiod
social conditions (group/male presence)

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25
Q

how is seasonality governed in sheep?

A

decreased periods of light is detected in the eye and passed through to the superior cervical ganglion and then pineal gland
pineal gland releases higher levels of melatonin which increased the GnRH pulsitility and hence FSH/LH leading to cycling

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26
Q

what hormones have a role in the development of mammary glands?

A

oestrogen
progesterone
prolactin
growth hormone

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27
Q

what is lactogenesis?

A

the onset of milk secretion

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28
Q

what hormones synchronise the onset of milk secretion?

A

increased cortisol, prolactin and oestrogen couples with decreased progesterone

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29
Q

how does decreased progesterone at the end of pregnancy aid the secretion of milk?

A

as it decreases it allows synthesis of prolactin receptors meaning prolactin and bind and up regulate enzymes involved in lactose synthesis

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30
Q

what is galactopoesis?

A

the maintenance of milk secretion

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31
Q

what governs galactopoesis?

A

hormones - prolactin and oxytocin
removal of milk

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32
Q

what is the function of prolactin in galatopoesis?

A

maintain alveolar cell metabolism and upregulate lactose producing enzymes

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33
Q

what are some important factors affecting milk yield?

A

number of secretory cells in mammary gland
blood supply to mammary gland
water intake
lactose (blood glucose concentration)
milk removal

34
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

35
Q

what is the function of the sperm-testis barrier?

A

prevents immunological destruction of foreign haploid cells

36
Q

what is the sperm-testis barrier between?

A

blood vessels and seminiferous tubules

37
Q

what cells synthesise testosterone?

A

ledig cells

38
Q

where do spermatids end up?

A

in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

39
Q

what is the route sperm take?

A

seminiferous tubules
rete testis
efferent tubules
epididymis
ductus deferens
urethra

40
Q

where do spermatozoa mature?

A

epididymal duct

41
Q

how long does it take sperm to mature?

A

8-15 days in the epididymis

42
Q

what hormone is required for spermatogenesis?

A

testosterone (and FSH)

43
Q

what hormone do the leydig cells respond to?

A

LH

44
Q

what cells secrete testosterone?

A

leydig

45
Q

what hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?

A

FSH

46
Q

what hormone do Sertoli cells secrete?

A

inhibin

47
Q

what structure is similar between all the sex hormones?

A

cholesterol ring (steroid)

48
Q

what factors control scrotal temperature?

A

profuse sweat glands
tunica dartos (contracts to pull testes towards body)
cremaster muscle (pulls testes towards body for short time periods)
pampiniform plexus

49
Q

what are the main receptors involved in erections?

A

parasympathetic (NANC - nonadrenergic noncholinergic) neurones

50
Q

what are the parts of the oviduct (fallopian tube)?

A

ampulla - wide portion attached to infundibulum on ovary
isthmus - narrow attached to uterotubal junction

51
Q

where is semen deposited in natural service?

A

vagina
(cervix in pigs)

52
Q

what happens in the female reproductive tract for sperm to become fertile?

A

capacitation (seminal plasma proteins removed from membrane)

53
Q

what must happen when the sperm reaches the egg for successful fertilisation?

A

bind to zona pellucida
undergo acrosome reaction (digest zona pellucida)
penetrate zona pellucida and fuse with oocyte membrane
zona block to prevent further sperm penetrating

54
Q

what does capacitation do?

A

remove protein coating so sperm can bind with egg and gives them hyperactive motility

55
Q

what is the process called when male and female pronuclei fuse to form a zygote?

A

syngamy

56
Q

what does syngamy produce?

A

zygote

57
Q

what is cleavage?

A

rapid mitotic division of zygote starting the first week of development

58
Q

what is the luteolytic signal in cattle?

A

oxytocin is secreted by the CL, receptors for this appear in the late luteal phase
binding of oxytocin then stimulates prostaglandin release

59
Q

how does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in cattle and sheep?

A

blastocyst produce interferon which blocks the synthesis of oxytocin receptors and hence blocking prostaglandin synthesis

60
Q

how does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in pigs?

A

prostaglandin release is rerouted to the uterine lumen when it can’t cause luteolysis but at least 2 conceptuses per horn is needed for this

61
Q

how many days after ovulation will attachment of placenta occur?

A

18-22 days

62
Q

what does the endoderm form?

A

digestive system
lungs
endocrine system

63
Q

what does the mesoderm form?

A

muscle
skeleton
cardiovascular
reproductive system

64
Q

what does the ectoderm form?

A

nervous system
skin
hair

65
Q

what is the inner sac of the placenta called?

A

amnion

66
Q

what is the outer day of the placenta called?

A

chorioallantois

67
Q

what is the function exchange apparatus of the placenta called?

A

allantochorion

68
Q

why do freemartins develop?

A

testis develop before ovariess and secrete AMH and testosterone which reaches both foetuses meaning the females tract cannot develop normally

69
Q

what vessels are found in the umbilical cord?

A

two umbilical arteries
umbilical vein
urachus

70
Q

what does the umbilical arteries become?

A

round and lateral ligaments of bladder

71
Q

what does the umbilical vein become?

A

round ligament of liver

72
Q

what does the urachus become?

A

median ligament of bladder

73
Q

how long do cows rely on the CL for to produce progesterone in pregnancy?

A

around 6-8 months

74
Q

how long do sheep rely of the CL for to produce progesterone in pregnancy?

A

about 50 days

75
Q

what triggers parturition?

A

the lack of foetal space causes stress and release of ACTH causing corticoids to be released

76
Q

what are the effects of foetal cortisol on initiation of parturition?

A

removes the myometrial progesterone block allow myometrial contractions (and stimulate prostaglandin release by placenta)
increase reproductive tract secretions for parturition

77
Q

what is the function of prostaglandin release around parturition?

A

synthesis of relaxin causing softening of tissues and increased elasticity of pelvic ligaments
luteolysis of any remaining CL

78
Q

what are the stages of parturition?

A

1 - initiation of contractions and cervical dilation
2 - expulsion of foetus
3 - expulsion of foetal membranes

79
Q

what is the name of the reflex responsible for increasing contractions during parturition?

A

Fergusons reflex (stretch receptors produce more oxytocin - positive feedback)

80
Q

what is lochia?

A

remnants of foetal tissue expelled out the vagina as brown discharge

81
Q
A

Reproduction (farm) (15 decks)

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