Neonatal disease (Yr 3) Flashcards
what are common perinatal physiological problems?
inactivity/lethargy
hypothermia
hypoxaemia
acidosis
hypoglycaemia
what is the most important risk factor for causing perinatal maladaptive?
dystocia
what are some common neonatal issues seen with dystocia?
bruising, fractures, oedema
hypoxia (compressed umbilicus)
metabolic acidosis (hypoxia)
respiratory acidosis (poor lung function)
how long should it take for a calf to be in sternal recumbency?
<5 minutes (>9 increases mortality risk)
what are some possible causes of hypoxaemia in the neonate?
atelectasis
weak ventilatory efforts
abnormal lung circulation
maintained cardiovascular shunts
gas diffusion barriers in the alveoli
what are some ways to resuscitate a calf?
cold water down the ear
rub with straw
acupuncture point on philtrum
how much colostrum should be given to calves?
5% bodyweight (2-3L) in first 2 hours
5% bodyweight (2-3L) at 6-12 hours
should colostrum be fed to calves after the first two feeds in the first 12 hours?
yes - feed with colostrum from later millings due to its great nutritional benefits
what are the components of normal colostrum?
fat/protein (double that of normal milk)
vitamins/minerals
immunoglobulins (mainly IgG)
immune cells
what are the four Qs associated with colostrum?
Quantity, Quality, Quickly, sQuiky clean
what features should a donor cow for colostrum have?
test negative for disease
no pre-calving milking/loss
only first milking colostrum given
only colostrum from one dam
what could give a false reading on a colostrometer?
temperature can effect density (should be read at about 20°C)
what factors can effect colostrum quality/quantity?
when its collected
breed of cow/sheep
pre-partum nutrition
length of dry period
pre-milking
abortion/induction
mastitis
what should a brix refractometer read if the colostrum is of sufficient quality?
> 22%
how should colostrum be stored?
4°C for <1 week
frozen
what is the typical time and temperature for pasteurising colostrum?
60°C for 60 minutes
what microorganisms are we aiming to kill with pasteurisation of colostrum?
Mycobacterium
avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
Escherichia coli
Mycoplasma spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium bovis
what are the positives of pasteurisation of colostrum?
decreased bacteria
increased absorption of IgG
what should the TP of a calf be when doing blood tests to determine successful passive transfer?
> 5.2g/dL
what routes can calves get navel ill?
through the navel or pro-respiratory route
what are some sequelae to navel ill?
peritonitis
septicaemia
polyarthritis (joint ill)
what are some risk factors for navel ill development?
pathogen load
patent navel
immune status of calf (colostrum intake)
what is the prognosis for joint ill?
poor (depends on the joint effected)
what is joint ill also known as?
septic arthritis
how is joint ill treated?
2 week course of antibiotics (oxytetracycline or penicillin)
joint lavage
NSAIDs
what are some common causes of septicaemia in neonates?
E. coli, actinomycete, staphylococcus, salmonella…
what is the main risk factor for septicaemia in calves?
failure of passive transfer
what are the clinical signs of septicaemia in neonates?
collapsed
shock (endotoxaemia)
congested conjunctiva (DIC, petechiae)
CNS signs (meningitis)
what age is septicaemia usually seen in calves?
1-5 days
how is septicaemia treated?
rarely successful
antibiotics
NSAIDs (flunixin)
corticosteroids
fluid therapy
supportive nursing
what are some congenital defects of calves?
cardiac (patent ductus arteriosus…)
atresia ani/coli
cleft palate
contracted tendons
cataracts (BVD?)
cerebellar hypoplasia (BVD?)
what causes diphtheria?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
what are the clinical signs of diphtheria?
oral lesions (sore mouth, ulcers, salivation, foul breath)
how is diphtheria treated with?
penicilin, oxytetracycline
when does bloat usually occur in calves?
1-2 weeks old
what can cause abdominal bloat in young calves?
Clostridium, poorly mixed milk replacer, too much milk, atresia coli
if a calf has L sided abdominal swelling what would you suspect?
free gas in abomasum
how would atresia coli present?
gradual distension of calves abdomen over first few days of life (no faeces produced)
if you pass a stomach tube and the bloat of the calf resolves, what is the origin of the bloat?
free gas in rumen
how can abomasal bloat be treated in calves?
sedate and role onto back then place needle
trochar/fistula (Red Devil) if chronic
how can rumen bloat occur in calves?
rumen drinkers - milk goes into rumen due to failure of the oesophageal tube to close which then ferments
what are the five major causes of calf scour?
rotavirus
coronavirus
cryptospordia
E. coli
Salmonella
what is the pathogenesis of rotavirus and coronavirus in calf scours?
damage the cells lining the intestine tract that are responsible for digestion and absorption of milk
how does the damaged caused to the intestinal lining by rotavirus and coronavirus effect the calf?
causes malabsorption of milk along with fluid/electrolyte loss leading to dehydration, acidosis and death
what is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium leading to scour?
damages cells lining the intestine
what is E. coli that spreads beyond the GI tract called?
invasive
what is the name of the characteristic that causes E. coli scour in calves?
K-99
how does K-99 E. coli cause scour?
K-99 is an antigen that allows E. coli to attach to the cells lining the intestine and cause hypersecretion of water and electrolytes
how severe is K-99 E. coli scour?
can act very rapidly and lead to death with 24 hours through dehydration and acidosis
what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
diarrhoea, mucous casts, dysentery, pyrexia, joint effusions, abortion, pneumonia, septicaemia
what is the risk of salmonella compared to the other main scour pathogen?
calves can develop systemic disease from the toxins produced by the bacteria
what are the clinical signs of clostridial enteritis in calves?
often die before diarrhoea due to effects of toxins on vascular system
