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Reproduction (farm) > Neonatal disease (Yr 3) > Flashcards

Neonatal disease (Yr 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what are common perinatal physiological problems?

A

inactivity/lethargy
hypothermia
hypoxaemia
acidosis
hypoglycaemia

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2
Q

what is the most important risk factor for causing perinatal maladaptive?

A

dystocia

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3
Q

what are some common neonatal issues seen with dystocia?

A

bruising, fractures, oedema
hypoxia (compressed umbilicus)
metabolic acidosis (hypoxia)
respiratory acidosis (poor lung function)

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4
Q

how long should it take for a calf to be in sternal recumbency?

A

<5 minutes (>9 increases mortality risk)

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5
Q

what are some possible causes of hypoxaemia in the neonate?

A

atelectasis
weak ventilatory efforts
abnormal lung circulation
maintained cardiovascular shunts
gas diffusion barriers in the alveoli

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6
Q

what are some ways to resuscitate a calf?

A

cold water down the ear
rub with straw
acupuncture point on philtrum

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7
Q

how much colostrum should be given to calves?

A

5% bodyweight (2-3L) in first 2 hours
5% bodyweight (2-3L) at 6-12 hours

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8
Q

should colostrum be fed to calves after the first two feeds in the first 12 hours?

A

yes - feed with colostrum from later millings due to its great nutritional benefits

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9
Q

what are the components of normal colostrum?

A

fat/protein (double that of normal milk)
vitamins/minerals
immunoglobulins (mainly IgG)
immune cells

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10
Q

what are the four Qs associated with colostrum?

A

Quantity, Quality, Quickly, sQuiky clean

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11
Q

what features should a donor cow for colostrum have?

A

test negative for disease
no pre-calving milking/loss
only first milking colostrum given
only colostrum from one dam

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12
Q

what could give a false reading on a colostrometer?

A

temperature can effect density (should be read at about 20°C)

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13
Q

what factors can effect colostrum quality/quantity?

A

when its collected
breed of cow/sheep
pre-partum nutrition
length of dry period
pre-milking
abortion/induction
mastitis

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14
Q

what should a brix refractometer read if the colostrum is of sufficient quality?

A

> 22%

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15
Q

how should colostrum be stored?

A

4°C for <1 week
frozen

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16
Q

what is the typical time and temperature for pasteurising colostrum?

A

60°C for 60 minutes

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17
Q

what microorganisms are we aiming to kill with pasteurisation of colostrum?

A

Mycobacterium
avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
Escherichia coli
Mycoplasma spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium bovis

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18
Q

what are the positives of pasteurisation of colostrum?

A

decreased bacteria
increased absorption of IgG

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19
Q

what should the TP of a calf be when doing blood tests to determine successful passive transfer?

A

> 5.2g/dL

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20
Q

what routes can calves get navel ill?

A

through the navel or pro-respiratory route

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21
Q

what are some sequelae to navel ill?

A

peritonitis
septicaemia
polyarthritis (joint ill)

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22
Q

what are some risk factors for navel ill development?

A

pathogen load
patent navel
immune status of calf (colostrum intake)

23
Q

what is the prognosis for joint ill?

A

poor (depends on the joint effected)

24
Q

what is joint ill also known as?

A

septic arthritis

25
Q

how is joint ill treated?

A

2 week course of antibiotics (oxytetracycline or penicillin)
joint lavage
NSAIDs

26
Q

what are some common causes of septicaemia in neonates?

A

E. coli, actinomycete, staphylococcus, salmonella…

27
Q

what is the main risk factor for septicaemia in calves?

A

failure of passive transfer

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of septicaemia in neonates?

A

collapsed
shock (endotoxaemia)
congested conjunctiva (DIC, petechiae)
CNS signs (meningitis)

29
Q

what age is septicaemia usually seen in calves?

A

1-5 days

30
Q

how is septicaemia treated?

A

rarely successful
antibiotics
NSAIDs (flunixin)
corticosteroids
fluid therapy
supportive nursing

31
Q

what are some congenital defects of calves?

A

cardiac (patent ductus arteriosus…)
atresia ani/coli
cleft palate
contracted tendons
cataracts (BVD?)
cerebellar hypoplasia (BVD?)

32
Q

what causes diphtheria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

33
Q

what are the clinical signs of diphtheria?

A

oral lesions (sore mouth, ulcers, salivation, foul breath)

34
Q

how is diphtheria treated with?

A

penicilin, oxytetracycline

35
Q

when does bloat usually occur in calves?

A

1-2 weeks old

36
Q

what can cause abdominal bloat in young calves?

A

Clostridium, poorly mixed milk replacer, too much milk, atresia coli

37
Q

if a calf has L sided abdominal swelling what would you suspect?

A

free gas in abomasum

38
Q

how would atresia coli present?

A

gradual distension of calves abdomen over first few days of life (no faeces produced)

39
Q

if you pass a stomach tube and the bloat of the calf resolves, what is the origin of the bloat?

A

free gas in rumen

40
Q

how can abomasal bloat be treated in calves?

A

sedate and role onto back then place needle
trochar/fistula (Red Devil) if chronic

41
Q

how can rumen bloat occur in calves?

A

rumen drinkers - milk goes into rumen due to failure of the oesophageal tube to close which then ferments

42
Q

what are the five major causes of calf scour?

A

rotavirus
coronavirus
cryptospordia
E. coli
Salmonella

43
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rotavirus and coronavirus in calf scours?

A

damage the cells lining the intestine tract that are responsible for digestion and absorption of milk

44
Q

how does the damaged caused to the intestinal lining by rotavirus and coronavirus effect the calf?

A

causes malabsorption of milk along with fluid/electrolyte loss leading to dehydration, acidosis and death

45
Q

what is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium leading to scour?

A

damages cells lining the intestine

46
Q

what is E. coli that spreads beyond the GI tract called?

A

invasive

47
Q

what is the name of the characteristic that causes E. coli scour in calves?

A

K-99

48
Q

how does K-99 E. coli cause scour?

A

K-99 is an antigen that allows E. coli to attach to the cells lining the intestine and cause hypersecretion of water and electrolytes

49
Q

how severe is K-99 E. coli scour?

A

can act very rapidly and lead to death with 24 hours through dehydration and acidosis

50
Q

what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

diarrhoea, mucous casts, dysentery, pyrexia, joint effusions, abortion, pneumonia, septicaemia

51
Q

what is the risk of salmonella compared to the other main scour pathogen?

A

calves can develop systemic disease from the toxins produced by the bacteria

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of clostridial enteritis in calves?

A

often die before diarrhoea due to effects of toxins on vascular system

53
Q
A

Reproduction (farm) (15 decks)

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