REPRODUCTION W5 Flashcards
Incubation means?
Time from disposition of pathogen to infection developes causing symptoms
What is the function of the testis?
- Produces male sex hormones (testosterone)
- Produces sperm cells
What is the function of the epididymis?
Matures sperm cells and stores sperm
What is the function of the seminal glands?
- Produces 60% of the volume of semen
- Its liquid activates sperm mobility and provides nutrition to keep sperm alive
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Produces 25% of the liquid of the sperm. The liquid prevents the sperm from coagulating
What is the function of the bulbo urethral glands?
Produces alkaline fluid that neutralises leftover urine and counteracts the acidity of the vagina
What are organs that make the penis swell with arousal called?
- Corpora cavernosa
- Corpus spongiosum
Name the 3 steps in male sexual function
- Arousal (parasymphatetic activity)
- Emission (sympathetic activity)
- Ejaculation (contractions)
What are the hallmark sign bladder or urethra trauma?
Gross hematuria (visible blood in urine)
What is on of the risk with priapism (erection lasting longer than 4 hrs)
Blood may coagulate in the swelling organs causing permanent erectile dysfunction
Name 4 common STD’s
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
- HIV
Signs, symptoms and treatment for chlamydia?
Signs/symptoms: Infection of with pain or possible “silent infection”
Treatment: Abx (Ceftriaxon)
Signs, symptoms and treatment of gonorrhoea?
Signs/symptoms: Infection + itching
Treatment: Abx (Ceftriaxon)
Signs, symptoms and treatment of syphilis
Signs/symptoms: Sore spot (shancre), lymph node swelling, rash, fever multiorgan infection (end stage)
Treatment: Abx (penicillin, ceftriaxon)
Signs, symptoms and treatment of torsio testis
Signs/symptoms: Sudden onset severe one-sided testicle pain + swelling.
Treatment: Rotate back and/or surgery
Function of the ovaries
- Produces female sex hormone (oestrogen, progesterone)
- Stores and matures oocytes
Function of the uterine tubes
- Connection of the abdominal cavity to the outside
- Catches the matured oocyte and transports it to the uterus
Function and characteristics of the uterus
- Provides mechanical protection, nutrition, and waste removal for the fetus.
- Contract its muscle during delivery
- Can expand widely during pregnancy and contract again
Characteristics and functions of the vagina
- Elastic muscular tube that lies between the bladder and the rectum
- A passageway for menstrual fluids
- Holds semen before passage to the uterus
Components of the vulva
- Large labia
- Small labia
- Vestibular glands (moistens vagina)
- Urethral opening (between clitoris and vagina
- Clitoris
How long is a normal menstruation cycle?
Around 28 days
Menarche means?
The first menstruation (approx. 11-12 years old)
Menopause means?
Last menstruation (approx. 45-55 years old)
What happens in the uterus and ovaries during the preovulatory phase?
In the uterus: Menstruation+regeneration of tissue
In the ovaries: Maturing of a new oocyte
What happens in the uterus during the postovulatory phase?
The uterus provides the perfect conditions for pregnancy
When is the start of the menstrual cycle defined?
With the beginning of menstruation
Fertilisation of the oocyte must take place within how much time after ovulation?
24hrs
How long will average semen last in the female body?
Up to 5 days
What is amenorrhea defined as?
- No menarche by the age of 16
- Interruption of menstrual cycle lasting over 6 months
Amenorrhea can be a caused by?
- Genetic disorder
- Malnutrition/anorexia
- Menopause
- Psychological stress
How long is a normal pregnancy?
40 weeks
When is the pregnancy time counted from?
The beginning of the last menstruation
The pregnancy is divided into 3 periods called?
Trimesters
What is fertilisation?
Fusion of an oocyte and a sperm cell
What happens in the 1 trimester (week 1-8)
- Rudimental organ structures are formed
- The placenta and umbilical cord is formed
- The embryo gets surrounded by amniotic water in the amniotic sack
What happens in the 2. trimester (week 9-28)
- Maturing of the organs
- Growth of the fetus to around 0,6kg
- Mother gains weight
- Fetus might begin to move extremities
What happens in the 3. trimester (week 29-birth)
- Fetus size increases exponentially reaching weight of approx 3,2kg
- Fetus turns upside down
What are the 5 most important changes in the female physiology during pregnancy?
- Lungs (RR and depth increases)
- Blood vol increases by 50%, BP decreases, HR increases
- Blood becomes hypercoagulable
- Glomerular filtration increases by 50%
- Nutrition req. increase by 10-30% causing weight gain of approx 10-16kg
What are the signs and symptoms of pregnancy?
- Lack of menstruation
- Breast tenderness
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Positive urine pregnancy test (6-12 days after fertilisation)
What are the concerns regarding drugs and pregnancy/birth?
- NSAID are usually contraindicated because it affects coagulation factors.
- Opioids will cause the newborn to be affected and therefore prone to respiratory problems
Normal child birth occurs within what days of the pregnancy?
37+0 and 41+6
Name the 3 phases of childbirth
- Dilation phase
- Expulsion phase
- Placental phase
Characteristics of the dilation phase?
- Normally 3-12 hrs prior to birth
- Cervix dilated - fetus moves to cervical canal
- Contractions every 10-30 min of 30s
- No active pushing
- At the end water breaks
What are the characteristics of the expulsion phase?
- Normally less than 2hrs prior to birth
- Cervix fully dilated >10cm
- Contractions every 2-3 min up to 1 min long
- Active pushing when head is visible
- IMPORTANT: Manual peritoneal protection
- Child is born and umbilical cord is clamped and cut
What are the characteristics of the placental phase?
- Normally within 30 min after birth
- Muscle tension of the uterus causing it to constrict and placenta is ejected
Name 3 of the most common complications of pregnancy
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Preeclampsia
- Premature labor
What are the characteristics of ectopic pregnancy?
- The embryo is implanted at an abnormal site (e.g. in uterine tube or inside the abdomen
- Can cause rupture of surrounding tissue with life threatening hemorrhage
What are the signs/symptoms of preeclampsia?
- Arterial hypertension
- Protein in urine
- Respiratory distress
- Edeema
If preeclampsia is left untreated it can progress to…?
Eclampsia
Symptoms include:
1. Hypertension
2. Elevated liver enzymes (organ failure)
3. Low platelets
4. Seizure causing brain damage (hypoxia)
What is premature labor and what is the danger with it?
Significant contractions of the uterus before week 37 causing the child to be born with unmatured lungs
What is the treatment for premature labor in week 35+2?
Let the pregnant woman deliver the baby
What is the treatment for premature labor in weeks between 25+0 and 33+6
- Try to stop/prolong the birth process with medication (salbutamol inhalation)
- Give bethamethasone to mature the lungs of the fetus
What are the risks’ of trauma to a pregnant woman?
- Signs of shock may be delayed
- Uterus can compress vena cava causing low CO
- Pregnant women can suffer from delayed gastric emptying
- The fetus does not tolerate maternal hypovolemia
What can we do to take care of a pregnant woman in trauma?
- Be aware of delayed shock symptoms
- Elevate the right side when suppine
- Early gastric tube to prevent aspiration
- Treat mother aggressively for hypovolemia to prevent fetal mortality (but mother comes first)
