IMMUNESYSTEM+ENDO W4 Flashcards
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Defence against external phatogens (i.e. bacteria/virus)
- Defence against internal pathologies (i.e. tumor)
- Drain excessive fluid from tissue and return it to vena cava
What cells are important in the immune system?
- Lymphocytes (B, T and NK-cells)
- Phagocytes
Name some important anatomical structures of the immune system
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Lymph vessels
What is the definition of sepsis?
Systemic immune system overreaction causing multi organ failure
What are the signs & symptoms of sepsis?
- Proven infection
- qSOFA (RR >22, BP <100 systolic, GCS <15)
What are preventive measures to take regarding infections
- Take care of wounds (clean & cover)
- Work aseptic
- Avoid unnecessary procedures
- Profylactic ABx treatment
What are the main 3 types of vaccination forms (what is injected)?
- Small parts of the disease/pathogen
- Whole but weakened parts of the disease/pathogen
- Toxin that resembles the presence of the disease/pathogen
What is an allergy?
Hypersensivity/reaction to: Food, medicine, venoms, chemicals etc.
Signs of local allergic reactions?
- Urticaria (rash)
- Edeema
Signs of systemic allergic reactions?
- Respiratory (stridor, wheezing, choughing)
- Cardiovascular (shock, hypotension, tachycardia)
- Abdominal (pain, vomiting, diarrhoea)
What is the most important treatment of systemic allergic reaction when it causes hypotension, tachycardia and altered mental status?
Adrenaline 0,5mg IM (repeatable)
What is an infection?
Invasion of pathogens that causes inflammation
What is inflammation?
The response of an infection, disease or tissue damage
Signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
- Loss of function
Name 4 types of pathogens?
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Fungus
- Parasites
What are the characteristics of a bacteria?
- Living organism
- Can create pus upon infection
- Some can secrete toxins
- Can be treated with ABx
What are the characteristics of a virus?
- DNA/RNA coated with protein (not living)
- Needs a host cell
- Limited treatment options (can’t be treated with ABx)
- Commonly causes airway, nervous, and GI-infections or an STD
What are the characteristics of a fungal infection?
- Usually on moist skin/areas
- Invasive infections are rare
Name some parasites
- Protozoa (malaria)
- Worms (hook, pin tape)
- Insects (scabies, lice, ticks)
What is fever?
Body temperature above 38 degrees
Body temperature ranging from 37,5-37,9 are considered…?
High temperature
What is true regarding most enzymes when body temperature reaches 38 degrees?
They work better/faster
What is true regarding enzymes when a patient has high fever?
Enzymes do not work well if body temperature exceeds 38 degrees
What is a normal body temperature?
37 degrees
What are antibodies?
“Markers” that B lymphocytes have created to recognize a pathogen faster next time it enters the body
What happens with the immune cells when a known pathogen enters the body?
Antibodies connects to the pathogen “marking” it for destruction.
Phagocytes and NK-cells (natural killer cells) defeats the pathogen.
Name 2 types of antibody shapes
- IgG = Y shaped
- IgM= * shaped
Were are lymphocytes and phagocytes produced in adults?
In the red bone marrow
What is the risk if a casualty suffers from a penetrating wound to the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?
Rupture of the spleen potentially causing massive hemorrhage
What are the innate (non-specific) components of the immune system?
- Barriers (skin, mucosa)
- Phagocytes (attack ALL foreign organisms)
What are the adaptive (specific) component of the immune system?
Lymphocytes (B+T cells)
They defeat specific organisms (bacteria or virus)
The ability to resist infection and disease when a pathogen enters the body is called…?
Immunity
Can you live without a spleen?
Yes. But you will be more prone to infections and require ABx treatment more often
What are the function of the phagocytes?
- First line of defence against pathogens that has entered the body
- Can destroy and digest pathogens
- Can remove cellular debris
- Can move out of the vessels into the tissue to attack pathogens
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
- Communication (between cells)
- Integration (of sensory inputs to assist in homeostasis)
- Control (processes and environments in the body)
What are the chemical substance used by glands to communicate with cells?
Hormones
What is produced in the pancreas at the langehans cells?
Insulin
Name some hormones
- Adrenalin (sympathetic nervous activator)
- Corticosteroids (antiinflammatory)
- Glucagon (blood sugar regulation)
- Insulin (blood sugar regulation)
What is the difference between glucagon en insulin?
- Glucagon releases stored sugar in the muscles and lever and raises blood sugar
- Insulin decreases blood sugar by letting sugar into the cells
What is the difference between diabetes 1 and 2?
Type 1: GENETIC dysfunction of the pancreas causing NO production of insulin
Type 2: LIFESTYLE causes low levels of insulin production or the receptors at the cells are not working properly and does not make good use of the natural insulin
What does Hyphothalamus do?
Hypothalamus is the “master gland”. It controls many different hormonal responses to changes in the body (trying to maintain homeostasis)
Describe negative feedback loop.
“The result of the reaction affects the reaction”
The body reacts to changes (or levels of chemicals) to regain homeostasis.
Example: If you have low blood pressure the kidney secrete hormones to increase blood pressure. When blood pressure is high enough the glands then stop secreting the hormone.
What is produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland?
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
Low calcium-ion levels in the blood causes which glands to produce a hormone that speeds up the breaking down of bone?
Parathyroid glands (located posterior of the thyroid gland)
Which gland is located near the site we do cric.
Thyroid gland (highly vasculated)
