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NNSOCM 2023 > MUSCLE-SKELETON SYSTEM W3 > Flashcards

MUSCLE-SKELETON SYSTEM W3 Flashcards

Bones, fractures, luxations

1
Q

Name the 4 main functions of the bones

A
  1. Supports other tissue
  2. Produces blood cells
  3. Protect vital organs
  4. Stores calcium, phosphate and fat
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2
Q

Red and yellow bone marrow is found were?

A

In the long bones

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3
Q

What is an “Osteon” ?

A

The smallest cell structure in the bones (circular structures with vessels in the middle)

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4
Q

What is an “Osteoclast”?

A

A cell that “crushes” bone structure

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5
Q

What us an “Osteoblast”?

A

A cell that “builds” bone structure called Osteoid

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6
Q

An “Osteocyte” is a?

A

Matured bone cell

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7
Q

Connective tissue which is connecting bone with bone is called…

A

Ligament

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8
Q

Connective tissue which connects muscle with bone is called

A

Tendon

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9
Q

Yellow bone marrow consists of

A

Fat

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10
Q

RBC’s are produced…

A

In the red bone marrow of the long bones

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11
Q

The 3 type of cells produced in the red bone marrow are?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Thrombocytes (Platelet)
Leukocytes (WBC)

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12
Q

Name some of the protective bones in the skeleton (axial skeleton bones)

A

Ribcage (costae+sternum)
Cranium
Vertebrae
Hyid bone
Sacrum
Coccyx

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13
Q

The “Tibial tuberosity” is useful to locate/palpate in relation to what procedure…

A

IO (intra osseous access)
The tibial tuberosity is the process located on the anterior site of tibula

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14
Q

The main bone in the heal is called…

A

Calcaneus

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15
Q

What 2 types of tissue can be found in the periosteum (outer layer of the bone)?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Nerves
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16
Q

Name the 2 cells that remodels the bones

A

Osteoblast
Osteoclast

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17
Q

Bone structure and remodelling relies on…

A

Nutrients (Calcium & Vitamins: D3, K, A, C, B12)
Hormones
Mobilisation

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18
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates what?

A

Production of RBC’s

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19
Q

The largest bone in the body is the..

A

Femur

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20
Q

The lower leg consists of two long bones called..

A

Tibia and Fibia

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21
Q

The the palpable site of fibia on the outside of the leg towards the feet are called…

A

Latteral malleolus

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22
Q

The fingers and toes are called..

A

Phalanges

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23
Q

Name the 3 most common sites for IO access

A
  1. Sternum (manubrium)
  2. Proximal humerus (greater tubercle)
  3. Proximal tibia
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24
Q

Name the 3 types of joints according to their anatomical terms

A
  1. Synovial
  2. Fribrous
  3. Cartilaginous
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25
Q

Name the 3 types of joints according to their physiological function

A
  1. Synarthrosis (immovable)
  2. Amphiathrosis (slightly movable)
  3. Diarthrosis (free movable)
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26
Q

What are the primary structures of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule (keeps fluid inside)
  2. Articular cartilage (reduces friction, shock absorbant)
  3. Synovial fluid (reduces friction, supplies nutrients)
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27
Q

What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Cartilages and fat pads (meniscus)
  2. Ligaments (connects bone to bone)
  3. Tendons (connects muscle to bones)
  4. Bursae (pockets with synovial fluid)
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28
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Joint have been over-extended and ligaments have been stretched. Joint has returned to normal position again.

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29
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Los of contact between the surfaces of the joints (cartilage damage, ligaments tear, capsule distorted)

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30
Q

What does SITS stand for in relation to the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

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31
Q

Glenohumeral joint is the term for…

A

The shoulder joint

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32
Q

Lateral and medial femoral condyles are parts of which joint

A

Knee joint

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33
Q

The “medial collateral ligament” of the knee is also called

A

MCL

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34
Q

Were in the body do we find the “anterior cruciate ligament” ACL?

A

In the knee

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35
Q

Talofibular-, Calcaneofibular- and Deltoid-ligament are the most common ligaments to be injured where?

A

In the ankle

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36
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Infection of a bursae (pocket with synovial fluid)

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37
Q

What shock absorbing structure lies between the vertebrae?

A

The intervertebral discs (Disci)

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38
Q

What defines a fracture?

A

Compromised bone continuity or structural integrity

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39
Q

A fracture with a visible bleeding is called an…

A

Open fracture

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40
Q

Name the 3 healing fases of a fractured bone

A
  1. Reactive (inflammation)
  2. Regeneration (callus formation)
  3. Remodelling (laminar bone creation)
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41
Q

6 factors that can prolong the healing of a fracture?

A
  1. Impaired blood circulation
  2. Infection
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Diabetes
  5. Smoking
  6. Instability
42
Q

How do you assess fracture?

A
  1. Skin inspection (open/closed/deformity)
  2. Palpate (direct and indirect)
  3. Check distal (pulse, motor & sensory function)
43
Q

What is the term for a wrong healing of a fractured bone?

A

Malunion

44
Q

How much can you bleed in a closed pelvis fracture?

A

Up to 5000ml

45
Q

The 3 most important nerves of the hand are…

A

Ulna nerve
Radial nerve
Medial nerve

46
Q

The 3 most important nerves of the foot are…

A

Medial plantar
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve

47
Q

What is especially important to administer when treating an open fracture?

A

Antibiotics

48
Q

Which joint luxation should you consider repositioning of?

A
  1. Recurrent dislocation
  2. Ankle dislocation
  3. Patellar dislocation
49
Q

What can you consider administering to help you reposition a joint?

A

Analgesia (painkilling drug)

50
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

Illium
Ischal
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx

51
Q

The femur head sits in the…

A

Acetabulum (bowl of the hip)

52
Q

Which categories do we divide fractures into?

A

Stable fractures
Unstable fractures

53
Q

Name 3 types of stable pelvic fractures

A
  1. Coccyx fracture
  2. Pelvic avulsion fracture
  3. Rami fracture
54
Q

Name 4 types of unstable pelvic ring fractures

A
  1. Lateral compression fracture
  2. Anterior/posterior compression fracture
  3. Vertical shear fracture
  4. Acetabular fracture
55
Q

What is true for 15% of men with pelvic fractures?

A

They also have injuries to urethra

56
Q

Why do we stabilise a pelvic fracture?

A
  1. Less movement=less pain
  2. Protect blood clots
  3. Reduce bleeding by putting fractured bones together
  4. Prevent laceration of vessels
  5. Decrease volume of pelvis
57
Q

What are the signs of pelvic fracture?

A
  1. MOI
  2. Pain
  3. Lower limp amputation or near amputation
  4. Bleeding from penis, vagina or rectum
  5. One leg shortened
  6. Hemodynamic instability
58
Q

Does the pelvic binder provide sufficient arterial or venous compression to stop a bleeding?

A

No. Pelvic binders will not prevent bleeding directly

59
Q

The heads/ends of the long bones are called?

A

Epiphysis

60
Q

The hip bone is part of the … skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

61
Q

Possible IO complications

A

Fracture of site
Fat embolism
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Cellulitis (infection of the skin)

62
Q

Which signs related to a fracture should make you consider repositioning?

A

PMS
1. Pulse (abscent distal pulse)
2. Motor dysfunction
3. Sensory dysfunction

63
Q

Pelvic sling should be placed were?

A

Over the head of femur (greater trochanter)

64
Q

Name 3 types of muscle cells

A

Straited (skeleton)
Cardiac
Smooth

65
Q

Rhabdomyolysis means

A

The break down of muscle

66
Q

Bleeding and build up of pressure inside the muscle fascia causing numb feeling distal is called?

A

Compartment syndrome

67
Q

Hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is?

A

Pain (out of proportion)

68
Q

What type of muscles controls body openings?

A

Sphincters

69
Q

What type of muscle cells can you control/move voluntarily?

A

Skeleton-muscle (straited)

70
Q

Where in the body can we find smooth muscle cells?

A

GI-tract

71
Q

Muscle components in order from largest to smallest

A

1.Muscle
2. Fascicle (bundles of fibers)
3. Fibers (cells)
4. Myofibril (moving part of cells)
5. Sarcomere (thin & thick filaments)

72
Q

In the end of the muscles the Epimysium, Endomysium and Perimysium forms what?

A

The tendons

73
Q

What ion plays the most important role in contracting the muscle?

A

Ca2+ (calcium ion)

74
Q

Signs of rhabdomyolysis

A
  1. Muscular pain
  2. Dark/brown urine
  3. Cardiac arrhythmia
75
Q

Were is calcium stored in the muscle cells?

A

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

The to types of muscle filaments consist of what proteins?

A

Myosin=thick filament
Actin=thin filament

77
Q

What is the main treatment for rhabdomyolysis?

A

Fluid therapy (to keep the kidneys producing urine)

78
Q

The vastus laterals muscle is found in the…

A

Thigh

79
Q

The soleus muscle is found in the…

A

Calf

80
Q

Most common causes of rhabdomyolysis in the battlefield?

A
  1. Compartment syndrome
  2. Crush injuries
  3. Extreme physical activity
  4. Hypothermia
81
Q

Is it easy to tell the difference between a fracture and a luxation (dislocation)?

A

No. They can be very hard to differentiate without x-ray

82
Q

If radius is fractured what do you need to immobilise?

A

The joint below and above

83
Q

What is contraindicated for traction splinting of femur?

A

Pelvis instability (confirmed/suspected)

84
Q

Name the 6 types of bones?

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Flat bones
  3. Sesamoid bones
  4. Short bones
  5. Iregular bones
  6. Sutural bones
85
Q

Smallest functional components of the muscle are the…

A

Sarcomere

86
Q

Is it true that muscles needs ATP to relax?

A

Yes. ATP is needed to allow actin- and myolin-filaments in the sarcomere to relax and glide from each other again.

87
Q

When the body dies, what happens with the muscles?

A

They stiffen up (Rigor Mortis)
because ATP is no longer produced and therefor the muscle cannot relax before decomposition begins.

88
Q

Rhabdobyolisis can be caused by?

A
  1. Crush injury
  2. Hyperthermia
  3. Extreme physical exercise
  4. Compartment syndrome
89
Q

Name some of the bones of the appendicular skeleton

A
  1. Upper extremeties: Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges
  2. Lower extremities: Pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, metatarsals, phalanges
  3. Pectorial: Scapula, clavicula
90
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do we have?

A

7

91
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?

A

12

92
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?

A

5

93
Q

How many costae (ribs) do we have in the body?

A

24

94
Q

The hole in the bottom of the cranium were the nerves enters the brain is called?

A

Foramen magnum

95
Q

The shaft of the long bone is called…

A

Diaphysis

96
Q

The end of the long bone which is furthest away from the trunk (core) of the body is called…

A

Distal epiphysis

97
Q

The proximal epiphysis of a long bone refers to…

A

The end of the bone which is closest to the trunk (core) of the body

98
Q

The mandible is the term for…

A

The lower jaw

99
Q

AC-joint stands for?

A

Acromion clavicular joint

100
Q

The suture joints of the scull are what type of joint?

A

Fibrous -Their physiological function are “synarthrosis”

101
Q

The shoulder joint are what type of joint?

A

Synovial - Their physiological function are “diarthrosis)

102
Q

The spine consist of vertebrae. The joints between them are…

A

Cartilaginous - Their physiological function are “amphiarthrosis)

NNSOCM 2023 (16 decks)

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