MUSCLE-SKELETON SYSTEM W3 Flashcards
Bones, fractures, luxations
Name the 4 main functions of the bones
- Supports other tissue
- Produces blood cells
- Protect vital organs
- Stores calcium, phosphate and fat
Red and yellow bone marrow is found were?
In the long bones
What is an “Osteon” ?
The smallest cell structure in the bones (circular structures with vessels in the middle)
What is an “Osteoclast”?
A cell that “crushes” bone structure
What us an “Osteoblast”?
A cell that “builds” bone structure called Osteoid
An “Osteocyte” is a?
Matured bone cell
Connective tissue which is connecting bone with bone is called…
Ligament
Connective tissue which connects muscle with bone is called
Tendon
Yellow bone marrow consists of
Fat
RBC’s are produced…
In the red bone marrow of the long bones
The 3 type of cells produced in the red bone marrow are?
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Thrombocytes (Platelet)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Name some of the protective bones in the skeleton (axial skeleton bones)
Ribcage (costae+sternum)
Cranium
Vertebrae
Hyid bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
The “Tibial tuberosity” is useful to locate/palpate in relation to what procedure…
IO (intra osseous access)
The tibial tuberosity is the process located on the anterior site of tibula
The main bone in the heal is called…
Calcaneus
What 2 types of tissue can be found in the periosteum (outer layer of the bone)?
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
Name the 2 cells that remodels the bones
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Bone structure and remodelling relies on…
Nutrients (Calcium & Vitamins: D3, K, A, C, B12)
Hormones
Mobilisation
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates what?
Production of RBC’s
The largest bone in the body is the..
Femur
The lower leg consists of two long bones called..
Tibia and Fibia
The the palpable site of fibia on the outside of the leg towards the feet are called…
Latteral malleolus
The fingers and toes are called..
Phalanges
Name the 3 most common sites for IO access
- Sternum (manubrium)
- Proximal humerus (greater tubercle)
- Proximal tibia
Name the 3 types of joints according to their anatomical terms
- Synovial
- Fribrous
- Cartilaginous
Name the 3 types of joints according to their physiological function
- Synarthrosis (immovable)
- Amphiathrosis (slightly movable)
- Diarthrosis (free movable)
What are the primary structures of a synovial joint?
- Articular capsule (keeps fluid inside)
- Articular cartilage (reduces friction, shock absorbant)
- Synovial fluid (reduces friction, supplies nutrients)
What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?
- Cartilages and fat pads (meniscus)
- Ligaments (connects bone to bone)
- Tendons (connects muscle to bones)
- Bursae (pockets with synovial fluid)
What is a sprain?
Joint have been over-extended and ligaments have been stretched. Joint has returned to normal position again.
What is a dislocation?
Los of contact between the surfaces of the joints (cartilage damage, ligaments tear, capsule distorted)
What does SITS stand for in relation to the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Glenohumeral joint is the term for…
The shoulder joint
Lateral and medial femoral condyles are parts of which joint
Knee joint
The “medial collateral ligament” of the knee is also called
MCL
Were in the body do we find the “anterior cruciate ligament” ACL?
In the knee
Talofibular-, Calcaneofibular- and Deltoid-ligament are the most common ligaments to be injured where?
In the ankle
What is bursitis?
Infection of a bursae (pocket with synovial fluid)
What shock absorbing structure lies between the vertebrae?
The intervertebral discs (Disci)
What defines a fracture?
Compromised bone continuity or structural integrity
A fracture with a visible bleeding is called an…
Open fracture
Name the 3 healing fases of a fractured bone
- Reactive (inflammation)
- Regeneration (callus formation)
- Remodelling (laminar bone creation)
6 factors that can prolong the healing of a fracture?
- Impaired blood circulation
- Infection
- Malnutrition
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Instability
How do you assess fracture?
- Skin inspection (open/closed/deformity)
- Palpate (direct and indirect)
- Check distal (pulse, motor & sensory function)
What is the term for a wrong healing of a fractured bone?
Malunion
How much can you bleed in a closed pelvis fracture?
Up to 5000ml
The 3 most important nerves of the hand are…
Ulna nerve
Radial nerve
Medial nerve
The 3 most important nerves of the foot are…
Medial plantar
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve
What is especially important to administer when treating an open fracture?
Antibiotics
Which joint luxation should you consider repositioning of?
- Recurrent dislocation
- Ankle dislocation
- Patellar dislocation
What can you consider administering to help you reposition a joint?
Analgesia (painkilling drug)
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Illium
Ischal
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
The femur head sits in the…
Acetabulum (bowl of the hip)
Which categories do we divide fractures into?
Stable fractures
Unstable fractures
Name 3 types of stable pelvic fractures
- Coccyx fracture
- Pelvic avulsion fracture
- Rami fracture
Name 4 types of unstable pelvic ring fractures
- Lateral compression fracture
- Anterior/posterior compression fracture
- Vertical shear fracture
- Acetabular fracture
What is true for 15% of men with pelvic fractures?
They also have injuries to urethra
Why do we stabilise a pelvic fracture?
- Less movement=less pain
- Protect blood clots
- Reduce bleeding by putting fractured bones together
- Prevent laceration of vessels
- Decrease volume of pelvis
What are the signs of pelvic fracture?
- MOI
- Pain
- Lower limp amputation or near amputation
- Bleeding from penis, vagina or rectum
- One leg shortened
- Hemodynamic instability
Does the pelvic binder provide sufficient arterial or venous compression to stop a bleeding?
No. Pelvic binders will not prevent bleeding directly
The heads/ends of the long bones are called?
Epiphysis
The hip bone is part of the … skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Possible IO complications
Fracture of site
Fat embolism
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Cellulitis (infection of the skin)
Which signs related to a fracture should make you consider repositioning?
PMS
1. Pulse (abscent distal pulse)
2. Motor dysfunction
3. Sensory dysfunction
Pelvic sling should be placed were?
Over the head of femur (greater trochanter)
Name 3 types of muscle cells
Straited (skeleton)
Cardiac
Smooth
Rhabdomyolysis means
The break down of muscle
Bleeding and build up of pressure inside the muscle fascia causing numb feeling distal is called?
Compartment syndrome
Hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is?
Pain (out of proportion)
What type of muscles controls body openings?
Sphincters
What type of muscle cells can you control/move voluntarily?
Skeleton-muscle (straited)
Where in the body can we find smooth muscle cells?
GI-tract
Muscle components in order from largest to smallest
1.Muscle
2. Fascicle (bundles of fibers)
3. Fibers (cells)
4. Myofibril (moving part of cells)
5. Sarcomere (thin & thick filaments)
In the end of the muscles the Epimysium, Endomysium and Perimysium forms what?
The tendons
What ion plays the most important role in contracting the muscle?
Ca2+ (calcium ion)
Signs of rhabdomyolysis
- Muscular pain
- Dark/brown urine
- Cardiac arrhythmia
Were is calcium stored in the muscle cells?
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The to types of muscle filaments consist of what proteins?
Myosin=thick filament
Actin=thin filament
What is the main treatment for rhabdomyolysis?
Fluid therapy (to keep the kidneys producing urine)
The vastus laterals muscle is found in the…
Thigh
The soleus muscle is found in the…
Calf
Most common causes of rhabdomyolysis in the battlefield?
- Compartment syndrome
- Crush injuries
- Extreme physical activity
- Hypothermia
Is it easy to tell the difference between a fracture and a luxation (dislocation)?
No. They can be very hard to differentiate without x-ray
If radius is fractured what do you need to immobilise?
The joint below and above
What is contraindicated for traction splinting of femur?
Pelvis instability (confirmed/suspected)
Name the 6 types of bones?
- Long bones
- Flat bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Short bones
- Iregular bones
- Sutural bones
Smallest functional components of the muscle are the…
Sarcomere
Is it true that muscles needs ATP to relax?
Yes. ATP is needed to allow actin- and myolin-filaments in the sarcomere to relax and glide from each other again.
When the body dies, what happens with the muscles?
They stiffen up (Rigor Mortis)
because ATP is no longer produced and therefor the muscle cannot relax before decomposition begins.
Rhabdobyolisis can be caused by?
- Crush injury
- Hyperthermia
- Extreme physical exercise
- Compartment syndrome
Name some of the bones of the appendicular skeleton
- Upper extremeties: Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges
- Lower extremities: Pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, metatarsals, phalanges
- Pectorial: Scapula, clavicula
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
5
How many costae (ribs) do we have in the body?
24
The hole in the bottom of the cranium were the nerves enters the brain is called?
Foramen magnum
The shaft of the long bone is called…
Diaphysis
The end of the long bone which is furthest away from the trunk (core) of the body is called…
Distal epiphysis
The proximal epiphysis of a long bone refers to…
The end of the bone which is closest to the trunk (core) of the body
The mandible is the term for…
The lower jaw
AC-joint stands for?
Acromion clavicular joint
The suture joints of the scull are what type of joint?
Fibrous -Their physiological function are “synarthrosis”
The shoulder joint are what type of joint?
Synovial - Their physiological function are “diarthrosis)
The spine consist of vertebrae. The joints between them are…
Cartilaginous - Their physiological function are “amphiarthrosis)
