MUSCLE-SKELETON SYSTEM W3 Flashcards
Bones, fractures, luxations (102 cards)
1
Q
Name the 4 main functions of the bones
A
- Supports other tissue
- Produces blood cells
- Protect vital organs
- Stores calcium, phosphate and fat
2
Q
Red and yellow bone marrow is found were?
A
In the long bones
3
Q
What is an “Osteon” ?
A
The smallest cell structure in the bones (circular structures with vessels in the middle)
4
Q
What is an “Osteoclast”?
A
A cell that “crushes” bone structure
5
Q
What us an “Osteoblast”?
A
A cell that “builds” bone structure called Osteoid
6
Q
An “Osteocyte” is a?
A
Matured bone cell
7
Q
Connective tissue which is connecting bone with bone is called…
A
Ligament
8
Q
Connective tissue which connects muscle with bone is called
A
Tendon
9
Q
Yellow bone marrow consists of
A
Fat
10
Q
RBC’s are produced…
A
In the red bone marrow of the long bones
11
Q
The 3 type of cells produced in the red bone marrow are?
A
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Thrombocytes (Platelet)
Leukocytes (WBC)
12
Q
Name some of the protective bones in the skeleton (axial skeleton bones)
A
Ribcage (costae+sternum)
Cranium
Vertebrae
Hyid bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
13
Q
The “Tibial tuberosity” is useful to locate/palpate in relation to what procedure…
A
IO (intra osseous access)
The tibial tuberosity is the process located on the anterior site of tibula
14
Q
The main bone in the heal is called…
A
Calcaneus
15
Q
What 2 types of tissue can be found in the periosteum (outer layer of the bone)?
A
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
16
Q
Name the 2 cells that remodels the bones
A
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
17
Q
Bone structure and remodelling relies on…
A
Nutrients (Calcium & Vitamins: D3, K, A, C, B12)
Hormones
Mobilisation
18
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates what?
A
Production of RBC’s
19
Q
The largest bone in the body is the..
A
Femur
20
Q
The lower leg consists of two long bones called..
A
Tibia and Fibia
21
Q
The the palpable site of fibia on the outside of the leg towards the feet are called…
A
Latteral malleolus
22
Q
The fingers and toes are called..
A
Phalanges
23
Q
Name the 3 most common sites for IO access
A
- Sternum (manubrium)
- Proximal humerus (greater tubercle)
- Proximal tibia
24
Q
Name the 3 types of joints according to their anatomical terms
A
- Synovial
- Fribrous
- Cartilaginous
25
Name the 3 types of joints according to their physiological function
1. Synarthrosis (immovable)
2. Amphiathrosis (slightly movable)
3. Diarthrosis (free movable)
26
What are the primary structures of a synovial joint?
1. Articular capsule (keeps fluid inside)
2. Articular cartilage (reduces friction, shock absorbant)
3. Synovial fluid (reduces friction, supplies nutrients)
27
What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?
1. Cartilages and fat pads (meniscus)
2. Ligaments (connects bone to bone)
3. Tendons (connects muscle to bones)
4. Bursae (pockets with synovial fluid)
28
What is a sprain?
Joint have been over-extended and ligaments have been stretched. Joint has returned to normal position again.
29
What is a dislocation?
Los of contact between the surfaces of the joints (cartilage damage, ligaments tear, capsule distorted)
30
What does SITS stand for in relation to the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
31
Glenohumeral joint is the term for...
The shoulder joint
32
Lateral and medial femoral condyles are parts of which joint
Knee joint
33
The "medial collateral ligament" of the knee is also called
MCL
34
Were in the body do we find the "anterior cruciate ligament" ACL?
In the knee
35
Talofibular-, Calcaneofibular- and Deltoid-ligament are the most common ligaments to be injured where?
In the ankle
36
What is bursitis?
Infection of a bursae (pocket with synovial fluid)
37
What shock absorbing structure lies between the vertebrae?
The intervertebral discs (Disci)
38
What defines a fracture?
Compromised bone continuity or structural integrity
39
A fracture with a visible bleeding is called an...
Open fracture
40
Name the 3 healing fases of a fractured bone
1. Reactive (inflammation)
2. Regeneration (callus formation)
3. Remodelling (laminar bone creation)
41
6 factors that can prolong the healing of a fracture?
1. Impaired blood circulation
2. Infection
3. Malnutrition
4. Diabetes
5. Smoking
6. Instability
42
How do you assess fracture?
1. Skin inspection (open/closed/deformity)
2. Palpate (direct and indirect)
3. Check distal (pulse, motor & sensory function)
43
What is the term for a wrong healing of a fractured bone?
Malunion
44
How much can you bleed in a closed pelvis fracture?
Up to 5000ml
45
The 3 most important nerves of the hand are...
Ulna nerve
Radial nerve
Medial nerve
46
The 3 most important nerves of the foot are...
Medial plantar
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve
47
What is especially important to administer when treating an open fracture?
Antibiotics
48
Which joint luxation should you consider repositioning of?
1. Recurrent dislocation
2. Ankle dislocation
3. Patellar dislocation
49
What can you consider administering to help you reposition a joint?
Analgesia (painkilling drug)
50
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Illium
Ischal
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
51
The femur head sits in the...
Acetabulum (bowl of the hip)
52
Which categories do we divide fractures into?
Stable fractures
Unstable fractures
53
Name 3 types of stable pelvic fractures
1. Coccyx fracture
2. Pelvic avulsion fracture
3. Rami fracture
54
Name 4 types of unstable pelvic ring fractures
1. Lateral compression fracture
2. Anterior/posterior compression fracture
3. Vertical shear fracture
4. Acetabular fracture
55
What is true for 15% of men with pelvic fractures?
They also have injuries to urethra
56
Why do we stabilise a pelvic fracture?
1. Less movement=less pain
2. Protect blood clots
3. Reduce bleeding by putting fractured bones together
4. Prevent laceration of vessels
5. Decrease volume of pelvis
57
What are the signs of pelvic fracture?
1. MOI
2. Pain
3. Lower limp amputation or near amputation
4. Bleeding from penis, vagina or rectum
5. One leg shortened
6. Hemodynamic instability
58
Does the pelvic binder provide sufficient arterial or venous compression to stop a bleeding?
No. Pelvic binders will not prevent bleeding directly
59
The heads/ends of the long bones are called?
Epiphysis
60
The hip bone is part of the ... skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
61
Possible IO complications
Fracture of site
Fat embolism
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Cellulitis (infection of the skin)
62
Which signs related to a fracture should make you consider repositioning?
PMS
1. Pulse (abscent distal pulse)
2. Motor dysfunction
3. Sensory dysfunction
63
Pelvic sling should be placed were?
Over the head of femur (greater trochanter)
64
Name 3 types of muscle cells
Straited (skeleton)
Cardiac
Smooth
65
Rhabdomyolysis means
The break down of muscle
66
Bleeding and build up of pressure inside the muscle fascia causing numb feeling distal is called?
Compartment syndrome
67
Hallmark sign of compartment syndrome is?
Pain (out of proportion)
68
What type of muscles controls body openings?
Sphincters
69
What type of muscle cells can you control/move voluntarily?
Skeleton-muscle (straited)
70
Where in the body can we find smooth muscle cells?
GI-tract
71
Muscle components in order from largest to smallest
1.Muscle
2. Fascicle (bundles of fibers)
3. Fibers (cells)
4. Myofibril (moving part of cells)
5. Sarcomere (thin & thick filaments)
72
In the end of the muscles the Epimysium, Endomysium and Perimysium forms what?
The tendons
73
What ion plays the most important role in contracting the muscle?
Ca2+ (calcium ion)
74
Signs of rhabdomyolysis
1. Muscular pain
2. Dark/brown urine
3. Cardiac arrhythmia
75
Were is calcium stored in the muscle cells?
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum
76
The to types of muscle filaments consist of what proteins?
Myosin=thick filament
Actin=thin filament
77
What is the main treatment for rhabdomyolysis?
Fluid therapy (to keep the kidneys producing urine)
78
The vastus laterals muscle is found in the...
Thigh
79
The soleus muscle is found in the...
Calf
80
Most common causes of rhabdomyolysis in the battlefield?
1. Compartment syndrome
2. Crush injuries
3. Extreme physical activity
4. Hypothermia
81
Is it easy to tell the difference between a fracture and a luxation (dislocation)?
No. They can be very hard to differentiate without x-ray
82
If radius is fractured what do you need to immobilise?
The joint below and above
83
What is contraindicated for traction splinting of femur?
Pelvis instability (confirmed/suspected)
84
Name the 6 types of bones?
1. Long bones
2. Flat bones
3. Sesamoid bones
4. Short bones
5. Iregular bones
6. Sutural bones
85
Smallest functional components of the muscle are the...
Sarcomere
86
Is it true that muscles needs ATP to relax?
Yes. ATP is needed to allow actin- and myolin-filaments in the sarcomere to relax and glide from each other again.
87
When the body dies, what happens with the muscles?
They stiffen up (Rigor Mortis)
because ATP is no longer produced and therefor the muscle cannot relax before decomposition begins.
88
Rhabdobyolisis can be caused by?
1. Crush injury
2. Hyperthermia
3. Extreme physical exercise
4. Compartment syndrome
89
Name some of the bones of the appendicular skeleton
1. Upper extremeties: Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges
2. Lower extremities: Pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, metatarsals, phalanges
3. Pectorial: Scapula, clavicula
90
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
91
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
12
92
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
5
93
How many costae (ribs) do we have in the body?
24
94
The hole in the bottom of the cranium were the nerves enters the brain is called?
Foramen magnum
95
The shaft of the long bone is called...
Diaphysis
96
The end of the long bone which is furthest away from the trunk (core) of the body is called...
Distal epiphysis
97
The proximal epiphysis of a long bone refers to...
The end of the bone which is closest to the trunk (core) of the body
98
The mandible is the term for...
The lower jaw
99
AC-joint stands for?
Acromion clavicular joint
100
The suture joints of the scull are what type of joint?
Fibrous -Their physiological function are "synarthrosis"
101
The shoulder joint are what type of joint?
Synovial - Their physiological function are "diarthrosis)
102
The spine consist of vertebrae. The joints between them are...
Cartilaginous - Their physiological function are "amphiarthrosis)
