Reproduction Test Flashcards
Asexual Reproduction?
is when one parent makes offspring by themselves. The offspring is 100% identical to the parent
What are the types of Asexual Reproduction?
Binary Fission, Budding, Spores, Regeneration
Binary Fission? Give Examples?
Simplest type
A one celled organism divides by mitosis to from TWO identical daughter cells. The nucleus and cytoplasm equally divide
ex.) Amoeba and Paramecium
Budding? Give examples?
A new organism called the BUD, develops as an outgrowth of the parent cells. A bus is a tiny duplicate of the parent.
Ex.) Yeast cells and Hydra
Spores? Give Examples?
A specialized cell
Spores contain a nucleus and cytoplasm. They are surrounded by tough protective coats that help them survive extreme cold or heats.
Ex.) Some plants, Algae, Mold
Regeneration? Give examples?
When organisms replace old body parts or when a new organism develops from a part of the parent organism.
Ex.) Starfish, Planarian, Some Lizards, Lobster, Crabs
Mitosis? Is it associated with sexual or asexual?
Unicellular organisms copy themselves (asexual reproduction)
Multicellular create new body cells to replace dead or damaged ones
What are the phases of Mitosis? (In order)
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What occurs in Interphase?
Dna replicates itself (copies)
46-92 chromosomes
What occurs in Prophase?
DNA takes the form of a chromosome
Centrioles and spindle fibers appear in the cell
They help the chromosomes move in the cell.
What occurs in Metaphase?
Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell by the spindle fibers
What happens in Anaphase?
Chromosomes divide in half and more the end of the cells by the spindle fibers.
The cell begins to stretch apart
What happens in Telophase?
Two new cells are formed by Cytokinesis
Centrioles and Spindle Fibers disappear
DNA goes back to the normal shape
Cytokinesis?
when the cell membrane begins to pinch and folds to form to new cells
The two new produced cells are called?
daughter cells
Meiosis?
the process in which sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes.
Gametes?
sex cells
How many chromosomes are inside the body cells?
46 chromosomes
Diploid cells?
body cells
How many chromosomes are there inside of sex cells?
23 chromosomes
Haploid cells?
Sex cells
How many cells are produced during Meiosis?
4 sex cells
How many cells are produced during Mitosis?
2 cells
What is the male sex cell?
sperm
What is the female sex cell?
egg
How much DNA do offspring get from the parents during Meiosis?
50% from each parent
How much DNA do offspring get from the parent during Mitosis?
100% identical
How much sperm is produced due to Meiosis?
4 sperm cells
How many egg cells are produced due to Meiosis?
1 egg cell, 3 polar bodies
Can polar bodies produce offspring?
No
How many parts of Meiosis are there?
two parts
Meiosis 1 and 2
What occurs in Meiosis 1?
the sex cell duplicates their DNA
46 chromosomes -> 92 chromosomes
What are the phases of Meiosis 1?
Interphase, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1.
What happens at the end of Meiosis 1?
at the end, cells and DNA split in half
92 chromosomes -> 46 chromosomes
What occurs in Meiosis 2?
the sex cells again split the DNA and cell in half
46 chromosomes -> 23 chromosomes
Why is this process so important?
because the sex cells should ONLY contain half the DNA
What are the phases of Meiosis 2?
NO INTERPHASE!
Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
What occurs with Crossing Over?
Chromosomes connect to each other, separate, and piece of the chromosome switch.
What does Crossing Over produce?
the variability of the gametes formed. This is why you are not identical to your offspring.
Sexual Reproduction?
involves TWO PARENTS and their offspring are 50% identical to each parent.
Spermatogenesis?
process in which males produce sperm cells in order to reproduce sexually
Oogenesis?
process in which females produce egg cells in order to reproduce sexually?
Karyotype?
a diagram that shows a cell’s chromosomes arranged in order from largest to smallest
How are chromosomes paired in body cells?
paired in homologous pairs, which are similar in size, shape, and position of the centromeres
What sex chromosomes do males provide?
x and y
What sex chromosomes do females provide?
x
What occurs in crossing over?
the chromatids of homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange pieces
Genetic Recombination?
when genes recombine to other chromosomes caused by crossing over
When and why does Independent Assortment occur?
durring Meiosis, due to chromosomes lining up in different arrangements
Down’s Syndrome?
a disease in which a person (male or female) has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
What do people with Down Syndrome have?
an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra chromosome causes problems with the way the body and brain develops (mental retardation)
What is the main function of the male reproductive system?
Production of Gametes called sperm by Meiosis
Delivery of sperm to the female for reproduction
Testes?
these two organs is where sperm are produce by meiosis
What is testosterone associated with?
male sexual development(puberty) and reproduction
Scrotum?
the sac that contains the two testes and are suspended behind the base of the penis
What does the scrotum control?
the temperature of the testes. They have to be a few degrees cooler than the regular body temperature (around 97 degrees)
Epididymis?
coiled tube that is attached to the testes in the scrotum where sperm cells mature
Vas Deferens?
a duct or tube that transports sperm from the epididymis towards the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra.
What are the 3 male reproductive glands?
Seminal Vesides, Prostate gland, Bulbouretal (Couper) Gland
Seminal Vesides
pairs of glands located by the urinary bladder that secretes a mucus-like fluid that is rich in sugar fructose, which provides energy for the sperm
Prostate Gland?
A doughnut shaped gland that secretes a thing fluid that helps sperm move and survive
Bulbouretal (Couper) Gland?
gland that secretes a clear stick fluid that protects sperm from being killed.
How is semen created?
the combination of sperm and fluids from the 3 glands creates semen.
Urethra?
tube located inside the penis that secretes semen that was produced by the testes. It also releases urine from the bladder
Urinary Bladder?
sac that stores urine produced by the body
What is the main function of the female reproductive system?
Production of egg cells by meiosis
Support internal fertilization and development
Feed offspring through the placenta
Provide milk to their offspring after giving birth
Ovary?
two organs that produce egg ells. Ovaries produce two hormones estrogen and progesterone
What are estrogen and progesterone associated with?
female sexual development (puberty) and reproduction
Oviduct?
two tubes that carries the eggs from the ovary to the Uterus. The oviduct is the site of where fertilization occurs.
Uterus?
the organ in the female where the embryo develops into the fetus (baby) during 9 months of pregnancy
Cervix?
the lower end of the Uterus that leads to the vagina. This is the site where sperm begin their journey towards the egg for fertilization
Vagina?
the area where the penis enters the female and ejaculates sperm. The vagina is the passageway for the birth of the baby
Where will the sperm swim to get to the egg?
the sperm will swim up the uterus and head towards the egg in the oviduct.
Urethra?
the tube that is attached to the urinary bladder where urine is released out of the body
The urethra ONLY has ONE job
Urinary Bladder?
sac that stores urine produced by the body
The menstrual cycle is changes in the female reproductive system that includes?
Producing an egg
Preparing the uterus for receiving the egg
The menstrual cycle occurs every ____?
28 days
What are the four hormones involved during the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen, Progesterone, Luteal Hormone (LH), Follide Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What controls the release of the hormone?
brain and ovary
What are the 3 phases the menstrual cycle consists of?
Flow phase, Follicular phase, Luteal Phase
Flow Phase?
when blood from the uterus is released
Follicular phase?
when new egg is released from the ovary (Ovulation)
Luteal Phase?
when uterus prepares for new egg
What occurs during days 1-5 (flow phase) of the Menstrual Cycle?
Day 1- shedding of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells that made up the uterus lining
shedding of blood passes from the uterus through the cervix and vagina, then outside body
Day 5- Menstrual flow ends. The hormone FSH in the blood begins to rise causing another follicle in one of the ovaries to mature.
What occurs during days 6-14 (follicular phase) of the Menstrual Cycle?
Day 6- follicle prepares for egg release (ovulation) by secreting the hormone estrogen
Day 14- Just before ovulation occurs, estrogen levels peak, which causes the hormone LH to increase. Increase in LH causes the follicle to rupture, releasing egg into the oviduct
What does estrogen do?
stimulates the thickening of the uterus walls with blood
Ovulation?
egg release
What happens during days 14-28 (Luteal phase) of the Menstrual Cycle?
Day 15- LH causes rupture follicle (corpus luteum) to develop.
Day 28- If the egg doesn’t get fertilized, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease: the corpus luteum causes the release of FSH and LH, which causes the uterus to begin menstruation.
The menstrual cycle starts all over again after 28 days.
What does the corpus luteum produce?
progesterone and some estrogen
What does Progesterone do?
increases the blood supply to the uterus causing it to thicken with blood waiting for the arrival of a fertilized egg.
What does LH do?
causes the follicle to rupture, releasing the egg into the oviduct.
What does FSH do?
causes another follicle in one of the ovaries to mature
What is the main hormone in the Male Reproductive System?
Testosterone
Where are Estrogen and Progesterone produced?
ovary
Where is LH and FSH produced?
brain
