Living Environment Regents Flashcards
What is the Cell Theory?
- ) All living organisms are composed of cells
- ) All cells carry out life functions to maintain homeostasis
- ) All cells come from other cells (reproduction)
What are the Cell Organelles?
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Cell Membrane, Chloroplasts, Cell Wall
Nucleus?
Controls cell’s metabolism, “control center”, contains DNA
Cytoplasm?
Jellylike substance inside the cell, site of many chemical runs
Mitochondria?
Pod-shaped structures, contain enzymes to extract energy from nutrients (cellular respiration)
Ribosomes?
Tiny structures, site of protein synthesis (makes protein)
Vacuoles?
Storage sacs, contain water, food, or wastes (larger in plant cells)
Cell Membrane?
Controls materials moving into and out of the cell, made of proteins and lipids, contains receptor molecules
Chloroplasts?
Green structures used to capture light energy to make food (photosynthesis), only in plant cells!
Cell Wall?
Rigid structure located outside the cell membrane of plant cells
Molecules enter and leave the cell by?
Diffusion, Active Transport
Diffusion?
Movement from high to low concentration (no energy needed)
Active Transport?
Movement from low to high concentration (uses energy)
Organic molecules?
Contain both carbon and hydrogen
Ex.) DNA, Glucose, Fats, Proteins
Inorganic molecules?
Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Ex.) H2O, CO2
What are life functions of cells?
Nutrition, Transport, Cell Respiration, Synthesis, Growth, Excretion, Regulation, Reproduction
Nutrition in life functions?
Obtaining nutrients from the environment and breaking them down for transport (Ex: Vacuoles in cells, Digestive system in humans)
Transport in life functions?
Moving materials throughout an organism (Ex: cytoplasm in cells, circulatory system in humans)
Cell Respiration in life functions?
Using enzymes to release chemical energy in nutrients
Synthesis in life functions?
Combining simple substances to make more complex substances
Growth in life functions?
Increase in size or number of cells
Excretion in life functions?
Removing wastes products (Ex: cell membrane in cells, excretory system in humans)
Regulation in life functions?
Responding to internal and external stimuli
Reproduction in life functions?
Making more of one’s kind
What do cells have on their cell membranes and what do they do?
Cells habe receptor molecules on their cell membranes. These receive specific messages according to the type of receptor (shape)
Ex) Hormones (Chemical messengers) and nerve cells (neurons)
Put the organization of Living Organisms in smallest to largest order?
Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ System, Organism
Label the order the food goes through in the Digestive System?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Mouth?
mechanical and chemical digestion occur (Carbohydrate digestion)
Esophagus?
Peristalsis occurs
Stomach?
Mechanical and chemical digestion occur (protein digestion)
Small intestine?
Digestion is complete, absorption into blood by villi
Accessory Organs?
Food Never Enters
Liver- Produces bile (breaks down fats)
Gall Bladder- Stores bile
Pancreas- Makes digestive juices
Large Intestine?
Reabsorption of H20, wastes are stored, egestion (waste removal)
What are the foods and what do they become when they are digested?
Carbs -> Simple Sugars
Proteins -> Amino Acids
Lipids -> Fatty Acids
Mechanical Digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces
Ex.) Chewing food and contractions of stomach and small intestines break food down
Chemical Digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces with the use of ENZYMES
Peristalsis?
The involuntary contractions(your brain controls) of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines help with the digestion and movement of food through the digestive system
What are the blood vessels for the Circulatory System?
Artery, Vein, Capillary
Artery?
Muscular wall, carries blood AWAY from the heart
Vein?
Thin wall, carries blood TOWARD the heart
Capillary?
Tiny blood vessels, exchange materials with cells
What are the parts of blood and what are their functions?
Red Blood Cells- Carry O2 and C02
White Blood Cells- Immune System
Platelets- Aid in blood clotting
What are the 2 Nervous Systems?
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What are the parts of the brain and their functions?
Cerebrum- thinking memory
Cerebellum- balance
Medulla- heart rate, breathing
Peripheral Nervous Sytem?
Conduct impulses from central nervous system to rest of body
What do the neurons(Nerve Cells) do?
Carry electrical impulses
What is the order of the Respiratory System?
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveoli, Diaphragm,
Nasal Cavity?
Warm, moisten and filter air
Consists of nose, nostrils, and mouth
Pharynx?
Throat
Larynx?
Voice Box
Trachea?
Windpipe (surrounded by cartilage rings and lined with cilia)
Cilia- tiny hairs
Bronchi?
Area where the trachea branches into two parts. Each part leads into the right lung and left lung
Bronchioles?
Further branches off bronchi
The bronchi that have branched into tiny tubes
Alveoli?
Grape-like sacs surrounded by capillaries (Site of gas exchange)
Diaphragm?
Dome-shaped muscle, helps breathing rate (Determined by C02 in blood)
- A large sheet of muscle that lies just under your ribs.
- When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves down
- When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up to its resting position.
Disorders of the Respiratory System?
Asthma- allergic reaction
Bronchitis- inflammation od bronchi
Emphysema- alveoli breakdown; smoking
What does the Excretory System do?
removal of metabolic wastes
What do the lungs, kidneys, skin, and liver remove?
lungs -> C02 and Water Vapor
Kidneys -> Urine
Skin -> Sweat
Liver -> Toxic Wastes (Alcohol)
What are the parts of the Urinary System?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
What do the kidneys do in the Urinary System?
Filters blood
What does the Ureters do in the Urinary System?
Carry Urine to bladder
What does the Urinary Bladder do in the Urinary System?
Temporarily stores urine
What does the Urethra do in the Urinary System?
Site where urine is released from the body
What are the parts of the Endocrine System?
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Glucagon, Ovary/Testes
Pituitary?
Master gland
Thyroid?
controls metabolism
Parathyroid?
Controls calcium levels
Adrenal?
releases adrenaline (Fight or Flight)
Pancreas?
Insulin- lowers blood sugar level
Glucagon- raises blood sugar level
Ovary/Testes?
Reproductive hormones
How are hormones regulated?
regulated by feedback
Negative feedback?
As one rises, the other decreases
Disorders of the Digestive System?
Ulcer- sore in the lining of the stomach caused by excessive acid
Constipation- Too much H20 absorbed in the large intestine
Diarrhea- Not enough H20 absorbed in the large intestine
Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism
Photosynthesis?
The process by which plants make their own for (glucose)
____ + ___ + ____ -> ____ + ____
Photosynthesis
Sunlight + carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
Where does photosynthesis take place and when does it take place?
Takes place in the chloroplasts in plant cells
Takes place during the day when sunlight is available
What is glucose then used for?
Then used for cellular respiration for the plant
Cell Respiration?
The process of breaking chemical bonds in glucose to release energy for a cell
___ + ____ -> ____ + ____ + ____
ATP is?
(Cell Respiration)
Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water + ATP
ATP is energy
Where does Cell Respiration take place?
What is ATP used for
When does Cell Respiration take place?
Takes place in the Mitochondria of every cell
ATP is then used for cell processes (cells “run” on ATP)
Takes place 24/7
What does Protein Catalysts do?
Speed up chemical reactions
What do each enzyme have and what do they do? Where are the made?
Enzymes have specific shapes and work on specific substrates
Every enzyme has an optimal(best) temperature and pH (High temperatures can change the shape of enzymes which affect their function)
Enzymes are made at the ribosomes in all cells
What are the two feedbacks?
Positive and negative
Positive feedback?
a change causes a greater and greater change (Contractions of the Uterus)
Negative Feedback?
A change in one system causes another system to shut off
Examples of Negative Feedback in humans?
Body Temperature- brain detects low body temp. and sends messages to muscles to shiver. Increased body temp. shuts off the shivering response
Glucose level in blood- High levels of sugar causes pancreas to release insulin, when the blood sugar drops -> insulin production shuts off
Examples of Negative Feedback in plants?
Guard Cells- Cause pores on leaves to close to reduce evaporation (Water Loss) on hot days
Disease?
Failure of homeostasis caused by
- Pathogens (Viruses, bacteria)
- Toxins (poisons)
- Cancer (uncontrolled cell division)
- Genetics
What can white blood cells do?
Recognize “Self” and “non-self” antigens on the cells membranes on every cell
What happens if a “Non-Self” antigen is detected?
White blood cells can then engulf(eat) the pathogen or make antibodies to attack or mark them for destruction.
Vaccine?
A weakened or killed pathogen that is injected into the body and causes white blood cells to produce antibodies (some remain and “remember” the pathogen)
Immune System?
Fights pathogens (Bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites)
Antigens?
Markers on cells (Immune system can determine between foreign and “self” cells
Antibodies?
Help destroy foreign cells (produced by white blood cells)
Genes?
Sections of DNA that code for protein
Chromosomes?
Tightly wound structures
Nucleus?
Control center of every cell
Genes are located ____, Chromosomes are located in _____?
Genes are located in chromosomes, chromosomes are located in nucleus
What does every cell in your body have, except gametes?
The same copy of DNA
Except Gametes
Do different cells use the same parts of DNA or different parts?
Different parts of the DNA (Ex: Muscle cells only use the DNA important to muscle activity)
Can cells be affected by their environment?
YES
What is the basic unit (subunit) of a DNA structure?
Nucleotide
What is the basic pairing rules?
A with T
G with C
What does RNA use instead of T?
U
What do proteins do and turn into?
Fold up into a particular shape and become enzymes, antibodies, hormones, etc.
Genetic Engineering?
Gene Splicing?
- Humans can alter the DNA in organisms
- Human insulin gene can be inserted into bacterial DNA -> Bacteria make human insulin
- “Cutting and pasting” pieces of DNA
Asexual Reproduction?
Sexual Reproduction?
Asexual: Sexual Offspring:
1 parent Two parents
Identical offspring Variety in offspring
