Living Environment Regents Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Cell Theory?
A
- ) All living organisms are composed of cells
- ) All cells carry out life functions to maintain homeostasis
- ) All cells come from other cells (reproduction)
2
Q
What are the Cell Organelles?
A
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Cell Membrane, Chloroplasts, Cell Wall
3
Q
Nucleus?
A
Controls cell’s metabolism, “control center”, contains DNA
4
Q
Cytoplasm?
A
Jellylike substance inside the cell, site of many chemical runs
5
Q
Mitochondria?
A
Pod-shaped structures, contain enzymes to extract energy from nutrients (cellular respiration)
6
Q
Ribosomes?
A
Tiny structures, site of protein synthesis (makes protein)
7
Q
Vacuoles?
A
Storage sacs, contain water, food, or wastes (larger in plant cells)
8
Q
Cell Membrane?
A
Controls materials moving into and out of the cell, made of proteins and lipids, contains receptor molecules
9
Q
Chloroplasts?
A
Green structures used to capture light energy to make food (photosynthesis), only in plant cells!
10
Q
Cell Wall?
A
Rigid structure located outside the cell membrane of plant cells
11
Q
Molecules enter and leave the cell by?
A
Diffusion, Active Transport
12
Q
Diffusion?
A
Movement from high to low concentration (no energy needed)
13
Q
Active Transport?
A
Movement from low to high concentration (uses energy)
14
Q
Organic molecules?
A
Contain both carbon and hydrogen
Ex.) DNA, Glucose, Fats, Proteins
15
Q
Inorganic molecules?
A
Do not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Ex.) H2O, CO2
16
Q
What are life functions of cells?
A
Nutrition, Transport, Cell Respiration, Synthesis, Growth, Excretion, Regulation, Reproduction
17
Q
Nutrition in life functions?
A
Obtaining nutrients from the environment and breaking them down for transport (Ex: Vacuoles in cells, Digestive system in humans)
18
Q
Transport in life functions?
A
Moving materials throughout an organism (Ex: cytoplasm in cells, circulatory system in humans)
19
Q
Cell Respiration in life functions?
A
Using enzymes to release chemical energy in nutrients
20
Q
Synthesis in life functions?
A
Combining simple substances to make more complex substances
21
Q
Growth in life functions?
A
Increase in size or number of cells
22
Q
Excretion in life functions?
A
Removing wastes products (Ex: cell membrane in cells, excretory system in humans)
23
Q
Regulation in life functions?
A
Responding to internal and external stimuli
24
Q
Reproduction in life functions?
A
Making more of one’s kind
25
What do cells have on their cell membranes and what do they do?
Cells habe receptor molecules on their cell membranes. These receive specific messages according to the type of receptor (shape)
Ex) Hormones (Chemical messengers) and nerve cells (neurons)
26
Put the organization of Living Organisms in smallest to largest order?
Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ System, Organism
27
Label the order the food goes through in the Digestive System?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
28
Mouth?
mechanical and chemical digestion occur (Carbohydrate digestion)
29
Esophagus?
Peristalsis occurs
30
Stomach?
Mechanical and chemical digestion occur (protein digestion)
31
Small intestine?
Digestion is complete, absorption into blood by villi
32
Accessory Organs?
Food Never Enters
Liver- Produces bile (breaks down fats)
Gall Bladder- Stores bile
Pancreas- Makes digestive juices
33
Large Intestine?
Reabsorption of H20, wastes are stored, egestion (waste removal)
34
What are the foods and what do they become when they are digested?
Carbs -> Simple Sugars
Proteins -> Amino Acids
Lipids -> Fatty Acids
35
Mechanical Digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces
| Ex.) Chewing food and contractions of stomach and small intestines break food down
36
Chemical Digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces with the use of ENZYMES
37
Peristalsis?
The involuntary contractions(your brain controls) of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines help with the digestion and movement of food through the digestive system
38
What are the blood vessels for the Circulatory System?
Artery, Vein, Capillary
39
Artery?
Muscular wall, carries blood AWAY from the heart
40
Vein?
Thin wall, carries blood TOWARD the heart
41
Capillary?
Tiny blood vessels, exchange materials with cells
42
What are the parts of blood and what are their functions?
Red Blood Cells- Carry O2 and C02
White Blood Cells- Immune System
Platelets- Aid in blood clotting
43
What are the 2 Nervous Systems?
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
44
Central Nervous System?
Brain and Spinal Cord
45
What are the parts of the brain and their functions?
Cerebrum- thinking memory
Cerebellum- balance
Medulla- heart rate, breathing
46
Peripheral Nervous Sytem?
Conduct impulses from central nervous system to rest of body
47
What do the neurons(Nerve Cells) do?
Carry electrical impulses
48
What is the order of the Respiratory System?
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, alveoli, Diaphragm,
49
Nasal Cavity?
Warm, moisten and filter air
| Consists of nose, nostrils, and mouth
50
Pharynx?
Throat
51
Larynx?
Voice Box
52
Trachea?
Windpipe (surrounded by cartilage rings and lined with cilia)
Cilia- tiny hairs
53
Bronchi?
Area where the trachea branches into two parts. Each part leads into the right lung and left lung
54
Bronchioles?
Further branches off bronchi
| The bronchi that have branched into tiny tubes
55
Alveoli?
Grape-like sacs surrounded by capillaries (Site of gas exchange)
56
Diaphragm?
Dome-shaped muscle, helps breathing rate (Determined by C02 in blood)
- A large sheet of muscle that lies just under your ribs.
- When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves down
- When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up to its resting position.
57
Disorders of the Respiratory System?
Asthma- allergic reaction
Bronchitis- inflammation od bronchi
Emphysema- alveoli breakdown; smoking
58
What does the Excretory System do?
removal of metabolic wastes
59
What do the lungs, kidneys, skin, and liver remove?
lungs -> C02 and Water Vapor
Kidneys -> Urine
Skin -> Sweat
Liver -> Toxic Wastes (Alcohol)
60
What are the parts of the Urinary System?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
61
What do the kidneys do in the Urinary System?
Filters blood
62
What does the Ureters do in the Urinary System?
Carry Urine to bladder
63
What does the Urinary Bladder do in the Urinary System?
Temporarily stores urine
64
What does the Urethra do in the Urinary System?
Site where urine is released from the body
65
What are the parts of the Endocrine System?
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Glucagon, Ovary/Testes
66
Pituitary?
Master gland
67
Thyroid?
controls metabolism
68
Parathyroid?
Controls calcium levels
69
Adrenal?
releases adrenaline (Fight or Flight)
70
Pancreas?
Insulin- lowers blood sugar level
| Glucagon- raises blood sugar level
71
Ovary/Testes?
Reproductive hormones
72
How are hormones regulated?
regulated by feedback
73
Negative feedback?
As one rises, the other decreases
74
Disorders of the Digestive System?
Ulcer- sore in the lining of the stomach caused by excessive acid
Constipation- Too much H20 absorbed in the large intestine
Diarrhea- Not enough H20 absorbed in the large intestine
75
Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism
76
Photosynthesis?
The process by which plants make their own for (glucose)
77
____ + ___ + ____ -> ____ + ____
| Photosynthesis
Sunlight + carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
78
Where does photosynthesis take place and when does it take place?
Takes place in the chloroplasts in plant cells
| Takes place during the day when sunlight is available
79
What is glucose then used for?
Then used for cellular respiration for the plant
80
Cell Respiration?
The process of breaking chemical bonds in glucose to release energy for a cell
81
___ + ____ -> ____ + ____ + ____
ATP is?
(Cell Respiration)
Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water + ATP
| ATP is energy
82
Where does Cell Respiration take place?
What is ATP used for
When does Cell Respiration take place?
Takes place in the Mitochondria of every cell
ATP is then used for cell processes (cells "run" on ATP)
Takes place 24/7
83
What does Protein Catalysts do?
Speed up chemical reactions
84
What do each enzyme have and what do they do? Where are the made?
Enzymes have specific shapes and work on specific substrates
Every enzyme has an optimal(best) temperature and pH (High temperatures can change the shape of enzymes which affect their function)
Enzymes are made at the ribosomes in all cells
85
What are the two feedbacks?
Positive and negative
86
Positive feedback?
a change causes a greater and greater change (Contractions of the Uterus)
87
Negative Feedback?
A change in one system causes another system to shut off
88
Examples of Negative Feedback in humans?
Body Temperature- brain detects low body temp. and sends messages to muscles to shiver. Increased body temp. shuts off the shivering response
Glucose level in blood- High levels of sugar causes pancreas to release insulin, when the blood sugar drops -> insulin production shuts off
89
Examples of Negative Feedback in plants?
Guard Cells- Cause pores on leaves to close to reduce evaporation (Water Loss) on hot days
90
Disease?
Failure of homeostasis caused by
- Pathogens (Viruses, bacteria)
- Toxins (poisons)
- Cancer (uncontrolled cell division)
- Genetics
91
What can white blood cells do?
Recognize "Self" and "non-self" antigens on the cells membranes on every cell
92
What happens if a "Non-Self" antigen is detected?
White blood cells can then engulf(eat) the pathogen or make antibodies to attack or mark them for destruction.
93
Vaccine?
A weakened or killed pathogen that is injected into the body and causes white blood cells to produce antibodies (some remain and "remember" the pathogen)
94
Immune System?
Fights pathogens (Bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites)
95
Antigens?
Markers on cells (Immune system can determine between foreign and "self" cells
96
Antibodies?
Help destroy foreign cells (produced by white blood cells)
97
Genes?
Sections of DNA that code for protein
98
Chromosomes?
Tightly wound structures
99
Nucleus?
Control center of every cell
100
Genes are located ____, Chromosomes are located in _____?
Genes are located in chromosomes, chromosomes are located in nucleus
101
What does every cell in your body have, except gametes?
The same copy of DNA
| Except Gametes
102
Do different cells use the same parts of DNA or different parts?
Different parts of the DNA (Ex: Muscle cells only use the DNA important to muscle activity)
103
Can cells be affected by their environment?
YES
104
What is the basic unit (subunit) of a DNA structure?
Nucleotide
105
What is the basic pairing rules?
A with T
| G with C
106
What does RNA use instead of T?
U
107
What do proteins do and turn into?
Fold up into a particular shape and become enzymes, antibodies, hormones, etc.
108
Genetic Engineering?
| Gene Splicing?
- Humans can alter the DNA in organisms
- Human insulin gene can be inserted into bacterial DNA -> Bacteria make human insulin
- "Cutting and pasting" pieces of DNA
109
Asexual Reproduction?
| Sexual Reproduction?
Asexual: Sexual Offspring:
1 parent Two parents
Identical offspring Variety in offspring
