Digestive, Circulatory, & Endocrine Test Flashcards
Digestive System?
the part of the body that breaks down food you eat into smaller molecules that your body uses as ENERGY
What is the order of the Digestive System in order?
Mouth/Salivary Glands Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine(including the Pancreas, Liver, and Gall Bladder) Large Intestine Rectum/Anus
What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical
Chemical
Mechanical Digestion?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces
Ex.) Chewing food and contractions of stomach and small intestines break food down
Chemical Digestion? What are the parts of the body involved in this process?
the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces with the use of ENZYMES
Your mouth, stomach, pancreas, liver and small intestine
Pepsin?
enzyme in your stomach that breaks down proteins into amino acids
Peristalsis?
The involuntary contractions(your brain controls) of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestines help with the digestion and movement of food through the digestive system
What are the functions of the mouth? Is there any type of digestion?
FIRST area of digestion
the tongue positions the food you eat between your teeth
Mechanical digestion when you chew
Chemical digestion with the help of saliva (enzyme)
What does the epiglottis do?
a flap of cartilage closes over the opening to the respiratory tract, preventing food from entering when swallowing
What are the functions of the esophagus? Is there any type of digestion?
a muscular tube that connects your mouth to the stomach
this tube moves food from the mouth down into the stomach by a process called PERISTALSIS
NO DIGESTION
What are the functions of the stomach? Is there any type of digestion?
A muscular, pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
BOTH mechanical and chemical digestion occur
Mechanical occurs when the muscles of the stomach contracts
Chemical occurs when glands inside the stomach secretes gastric juices, PEPSIN and HYDROCHLORIC ACID
When the food has been broken down into liquid form, peristalsis moves the food down into the small intestine.
What are the functions of the small intestine? Is there any type of digestion?
Where digestive is completed
Enzymes from the PANCREAS and LIVER are secreted into the small intestine and help with chemical digestion.
Chemical digestion occurs here
What are the functions of villi? Is there any type of digestion?
liquid food in your body is broken down into small molecules and is absorbed by the villi of the small intestine.
Nutrients will then diffuse into the blood vessels of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream.
What are the functions of the large intestine? Is there any type of digestion?
water absorption occurs here
NO DIGESTION OCCURS
What are the functions of the rectum/anus? Is there any type of digestion?
The remaining undigested material now called feces, reaches the RECTUM
The feces are eliminated through the ANUS
NO DIGESTION OCCURS
What are the functions of the Liver/bile/gall bladder? Is there any type of digestion?
Enzymes from the liver are secreted into the small intestine and help with chemical digestion. The Gall Bladder stores BILE (ENZYME) from the liver.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
What are the functions of the Pancreas? Is there any type of digestion?
Enzymes from the pancreas are secreted into the small intestine and help with chemical digestion.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
What are the 4 parts of blood?
plasma, red/white blood cells, platelets
What is the function of Plasma?
Carries dissolved food molecules, enzymes, hormones, gases, and salts to the cells in your body. It also carries wastes from the cells to the parts of the body that will remove wastes.
What is the function of Red Blood Cells?
Carry oxygen to all the cells in your body and remove carbon dioxide from all the cells
Hemoglobin?
protein that combines with oxygen, turns blood red
What is the function of White Blood Cells?
Fights off diseases
Antibodies?
special chemicals that fight off diseases in your body (Memory cells)
What is the function of Platelets?
Help your blood clot
Fibrin?
a special protein that makes a special net, and the net traps cells and makes the blood clot
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, capillaries
What is the function of the arteries?
lead oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells of the body
What is the function of Veins?
carry the deoxygenated blood back toward the heart
What is the function of Capillaries?
They connect the arteries with the veins and let food, water, and oxygen molecules move into them from the cells (Diffusion)
What are the 4 parts of the heart?
Right atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle
What is the function of the Right Atrium?
Pumps deoxygenated blood, which is high in carbon dioxide to the right ventricle
What is the function of the Left Atrium?
Pumps oxygenated blood, which is high in oxygen to the left ventricle
What is the function of the Right Ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs
What is the function of the Left Ventricle?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body through the arteries
What side of the body is oxygenated? Which side is deoxygenated?
Left side is oxygenated
Right side is deoxygenated
Aorta?
largest artery found in the body
How are the Pulmonary Arteries different from the rest of the arteries of the body?
They are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the function of the Pulmonary arteries?
carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
How are the Pulmonary Veins different from the rest of the veins in the body?
They are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What is the function of the Pulmonary Veins?
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
How many valves are there?
4 valves for each chamber
What is the function of valves?
they prevent blood from flowing backwards
Endocrine system?
one of the two systems that control the internal activities of the body.
They are made up of a series of glands, called endocrine glands
What do Endocrine Glands do?
release chemicals directly into the bloodstream called hormones
These chemicals act as messengers, sending information to other parts of the body.
The body reacts to these messages and maintains homeostasis
Hypothalamus? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Brain
amino acid hormone
It releases chemicals that triggers the pituitary gland to release its hormones
Controls the pituitary gland, which controls ALL the other glands of the body.
Pituitary “Master Gland”? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Brain
Hormones: ACTH, Growth Hormone, TSH, Oxytoan
Treatment of arthritis, asthma, and allergies
Growth of bones
Stimulates the thyroid
Controls uterus contractions during birth
This gland controls the adrenal gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, testes, and mammary glands
Controls all other glands besides Hypothalamus
Thyroid Gland? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Lower Region of neck
Thyroxin
This controls the rate of body’s metabolism and influences growth and development
Parathyroid Gland? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Lower Region of neck, below the thyroid
Parathyroid Hormone
This regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphates
Adrenal Gland? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Attached to the kidneys
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine or Adrenaline, Cortisol
Regulates salt and water in the body.
Assists the body during an emergency
Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Pancreas? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Abdominal area (under stomach)
Insulin, Glucagon
Controls the digestion of glucose levels in the blood
Determines the fate of glycogen(starch) that is stored in the liver
Gonads? (Testes, Ovaries) Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Lower Body (Genital area) Testosterone, Estrogen and Progesterone Stimulates the production of sex characteristics, puberty, and sperm production Stimulates the production of sex characteristics, puberty, menstrual cycle, and egg production
Thymus? Location? Hormone secreted? Function?
Upper chest area
Not known (Unknown name)
Aides in the formation of antibodies
Hormone?
released from a gland to balance out homeostasis
An organism’s external and internal environment are ?
constantly changing
What do these changes affect?
homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium?
When an organism constantly corrects and keep the external and internal environment at homeostasis and keeps the body at a “steady state”
What is there more feedback of? Negative or Positive?
More negative than positive
What feedback helps labor?
Positive
What is the most common feedback and keeps body temperature in balance?
Negative feedback
