Reproduction-Technology, & Society. Reproduction Strategies-Life Cycle and Technologies Flashcards
What are the major steps of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
Superovulation drugs are given to the female to increase production and ripening of eggs
Eggs are collected. Sperm is collected
Sperm & eggs are incubated together (in-vitro) in glass petri-dishes in lab to allow fertilization and clevage
Embryo is transfered from lab to uterus of female
Wait for implantation
What is a superovulation drug and how is it used in fertility treatment?
Clomiphene is used to cause the release of FSH which stimulates eggs to develop in the ovaries
What is a major risk associated with fertility drugs?
Multiple ovulations can cause the chance of an increase in multiple births which is risky
What is the description of Artificial Insemination (AI) and when is it used?
Inject sperm into the vagina or uterus after ovulation
Used when the male cannot produce viable sperm
What is the description of IVF and when is it used?
Extract females eggs from the ovary
Sperm & egg are mixed in glass
Fertilized egg is incubated for 2 days and the embryo is transferred to the uterus
Used when a females oviducts are blocked, fertilization doesn’t/ can’t occur
What is the description of gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) and when is it used?
Both sperm & egg are mixed and inserted into a fallopian tube, fertilization occurs naturally
Used when fertilization is not occuring because of either male or female
This is the more ethical option for religious groups
What is the description of zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) and when is it used?
Sperm & egg are combined in a test tube; the resulting embryo is transferred to the fallopian tubes
Used when fertilization is not occuring because of either male or female
This is ethically wrong to religious groups because it violates the right to life for certain gametes
What is the description of a surrogate mother and when are they used?
Another woman (other than the mother) carries a couples embryo and gives birth Used when a woman has a defective cervix or uterus
What is the description of cryopreservation of gametes?
Eggs/ sperm/ embryo’s are frozen and at a later date, the gametes and/or embryos can be thawed and used for future pregnancies
Used when a woman is getting older but wants to have kids later or it the reproductive parts have to be taken out.
How can a baby have 5 different parents if reproductive technology is used?
A sperm & egg donor (genetic parents), a surrogate mother, and parents who physically raise the child
What issue can arise when unused eggs or embryos are donated to parents who cannot produce their own?
Ethical Issue: If the embryo’s are destroyed that violates a right to life
Economic Issue: couples must buy embryo’s to use them
Legality Issues: whose property do the embryo’s become? The donor or the recipients?
What is a vasectomy?
The vas deferens are cut and tied. The man is still able to ejaculate and have an erection but the semen does not contain any sperm because the vas deferens delivers sperm to the semen.
What is tubal ligation?
Oviducts are cut and the ends are tied off. This ensures that the egg never encounters sperm and never reaches the uterus. The ovum disintegrates in the oviduct (not reversible)
What other types of technologies are there to reduce reproductive potential?
Hormone treatments (oral contraceptives, injections, implants that prevent ovulation), physical or chemical barriers (prevent sperm from reaching the ovum: male/female condoms, IUD, sponge, spermicides), natural family planning (rhythm method)
How does the combined oral contraceptive pill act as a contraceptive?
It uses the normal negative feedback loop that operates the menstrual cycle. It provides artificially high level of progesterone and estrogen, they prevent the release of FSH and LH that induces follicle development and ovulation
