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Biology 30 > Cell Cycles. Mitosis & Meiosis, Karyotyping and Nondisjunction > Flashcards

Cell Cycles. Mitosis & Meiosis, Karyotyping and Nondisjunction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S Phase, G2)-> Mitosis-> Cytokinesis

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2
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G1, S Phase, G2)-> Mitosis-> Cytokinesis

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3
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

The cell appears to be at rest. G1, S Phase and G2 occur in interphase. The nucleus is NOT dividing. 90% of a cells life

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4
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cell growth in size and mass, protein synthesis also occurs at this time.

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5
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Synthesis phase is the replication of the cells DNA. Each chromosome is duplicated and is given a so-called “Chromatid”

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6
Q

What happens in G2?

A

The cell manufactures the materials which are needed form mitosis and protein in made

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7
Q

What are the differences between chromatin and chromosomes?

A

Chromatin: Non-condensed form of genetic material, long and stringy material in the nucleus (Cell is NOT dividing)
Chromosomes: short condensed double stranded genetic material (Cell is dividing)

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8
Q

What are the difference between chromosomes and chromatid?

A

Chromosomes: short condensed double stranded genetic material (Cell is dividing)
Chromatid: Single stranded genetic material -> the result of mitosis

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9
Q

What occurs in Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses and become visible as chromosomes, fibres extend and attach to centromeres, centrioles move to opposite poles of cell, spindle fibres form, nucleus disappears

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10
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

Interphase-> prophase-> metaphase-> anaphase-> telophase. 10% of a cells life

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11
Q

What occurs in Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses and become visible as chromosomes, fibres extend and attach to centromeres, centrioles move to opposite poles of cell, spindle fibres form, nucleus disappears

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12
Q

What occurs in Metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres align chromosomes alone metaphase plate,

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13
Q

What occurs in Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are separated at centromeres, move to opposite poles, are now chromatids

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14
Q

What occurs in Telophase?

A

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles and become chromatins again, nucleoli form, spindle fibres disperse, cells pinch off into two, cytokinesis begins

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15
Q

What occurs in Cytokinesis in animals vs plants?

A

Animals: cleavage furrow forms which splits the cell in two
Plants: Cell plate forms and splits the cell in two

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16
Q

Sex Cell vs. Somatic Cell

A

Sex Cell: Is a sperm or egg cell that has 23 chromosomes, a Haploid. Which is represented by n
Somatic Cell: is any body cell that has 46 chromosomes, a Diploid. Which is represented by 2n

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17
Q

Sex Chromsome vs. Autosomes

A

Sex Chromsomes: is the xx=girl or the xy=boy this the the 23rd pair of chromosomes in an egg or sperm cell
Autosomes: is number 1-22 pairs of chromosomes that determine your traits like hair and eye colour

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18
Q

What does Ploidy mean?

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. If it is a gamete cell (egg or sperm) it would have 23 so the ploidy would be n or haploid. If it was a somatic cell it would have 46 so the ploidy would be 2n or diploid

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19
Q

What is Apoptosis and why would it occur?

A

Programmed cell death. It can occur because a cell doesn’t pass a certain checkpoint and G1, G2 or Mitosis or it can occur naturally like what an embryo gets rid of webbed fingers and feet, the cell dies automatically.

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20
Q

What phases of the cell cycle are most likely to be shortened in the cancerous skin cell?

A

Interphase (especially G1 & G2) are shortened because the cell is devoting more time to mitosis (division) and less time to normal actives.

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21
Q

What are telomeres?

A

They are caps at the end of chromosomes that limit the amount of times a cell can undergo division

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22
Q

What technologies can test for cancer? What are treatments for cancer?

A

CT scan, blood count, biopsy of a tumour, chest X-rays. Surgical removal of tumour, radiation, chemotherapy

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantages: Fast, less energy required, only need 1 parent
Disadvantages: No genetic diversity and can’t adapt to new environments

24
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

1 homologous pair of chromosomes (2) can come in double stranded homologous chromosomes to become 4 (tetrad)

25
Q

What is the order for meiosis?

A

Interphase-> Prophase 1-> Metaphase 1-> Anaphase 1-> Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis-> Prophase 2-> Metaphase 2-> Anaphase 2-> Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis

26
Q

What happens in interphase of meiosis?

A

Chromsomes duplicate

27
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments (crossing over) and sister chromatids intertwine to become tetrads

28
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Tetrads (4 strands) line up along the metaphase plate

29
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Tetrad pairs are split up into an individual chromosome with 2 strands

30
Q

What happens in Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

Two haploid (23 chromosomes) pinch off into two different cells. Chromosomes are still double stranded though

31
Q

What happens in Prophase 2 of meiosis?

A

Fibres extend and attach to centromeres of the chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles of cell, spindle fibres form, nucleus disappears

32
Q

What happens in Metaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

33
Q

What happens in Anaphase 2 or meiosis?

A

Chromosomes are split apart and are now called chromatids

34
Q

What happens in Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis?

A

Haploid daughter cells form and become 4 cells each with 23 chromosomes

35
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Types od cells involved

A

Mitosis: Body cells (Somatic Cells)
Meiosis: Germ or gamete cells (egg & sperm)

36
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Number of rounds of division in 1 cycle

A

Mitosis: 1 division
Meiosis: 2 divisions

37
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Number of rounds of division in 1 cycle

A

Mitosis: 1 division
Meiosis: 2 divisions

38
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Number of duplications of chromosomes

A

Mitosis: Chromosomes duplicate BEFORE cell division during S Phase of Interphase
Meiosis: 1 duplication in interphase 1

39
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Number of cells resulting from 1 cycle

A

Mitosis: 2 cells w/ 46 chromosomes and identical to one another. Called Daughter Cells
Meiosis: 4 cells w/23 chromosomes and not identical. Called Grand-Daughter Cells

40
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Chromosome number of parent cell

A

Mitosis: 2n= diploid cells (46 chromosomes)
Meiosis: 2n= diploid cells (46 chromosomes)

41
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Chromosome number of resulting cells

A

Mitosis: 2n= diploid (46 chromosomes)
Meiosis: n= haploid (23 chromosomes) - reducing the chromosome number in half

42
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Role of resulting cells

A

Mitosis: Regular body function, repair/ replace old/ dying cells, growth- using identical copies
Meiosis: Sexual reproduction- gametes are made that will combine to make an embryo

43
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Function of division process (Purpose)

A

Mitosis: Make exact copies of parent cell and maintain chromosome number
Meiosis: Make gametes unique, not identical to the parent in order to increase genetic diversity to help the off spring survive in a new environment

44
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

How both the maternal (mom) and paternal (dad) line up on a metaphase plate in meiosis 1

45
Q

What is random fertilization?

A

A random ovum fertilized by a random sperm

46
Q

What are the disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

A

Slow, requires more energy than simple mitosis, 2 parent of the opposite sex

47
Q

How do you make a karyotype?

A

Obtain a sample of a cell-> use a drug to stimulate mitosis-> use a drug to stop mitosis in interphase-> stain the cells w/ dye to get the banding pattern of chromosomes-> take a photo-> pair up the homologous chromosomes according to size and banding pattern-> arrange chromosomes from largest pair (#1) to the smallest pair (#22) and then the sex chromosomes (xx or xy)

48
Q

What can karyotypes tell?

A

The sex of a fetus and whether or not there is an abnormal number of chromosome (an aneuploidy)

49
Q

What ethical issue can arise by from knowing the sex of the fetus or an abnormality?

A

Some parents will abort the pregnancy if the baby is a female or if the fetus is not going to be born healthy which violates the right to life.

50
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes or chromatids do not operate as they should during meiosis or anaphase of mitosis

51
Q

What is the notation for down syndrome and information for down syndrome: sex, chromosomes, type of aneuploidy

A

Notation: 47, +21, (xx or xy)
Male or female
Extra #21 chromsomes
Trisomy 2n + 1=47

52
Q

What would happen in a cell that anaphase 1 of meiosis did not occur correctly?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes do not separate correctly in Anaphase 1 and both chromosomes go to the same pole, leaving 2 gametes without genetic information

53
Q

What would happen in a cell that anaphase 2 of meiosis did not occur correctly?

A

Chromosomes that separated from anaphase 1 would separate properly but in anaphase 1 the chromatids would not separate and both chromatids would move to the same pole

Biology 30 (10 decks)

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