Male and Female Reproductive Hormones & Menstruation

Question 1

What chromosome combination that result in a genetically male offspring?

Answer 1

XY

Question 2

What chromosome combination that result in a genetically female offspring?

Answer 2

XX

Question 3

What are the primary sex characteristics of a male?

Answer 3

Testes, scrotum epididymis, penis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland

Question 4

What are the primary sex characteristics of a female?

Answer 4

Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

Question 5

What are the secondary sex characteristics of a male?

Answer 5

Facial hair, body hair, deeper voice, broader shoulder. narrow hips, muscle development

Question 6

What are the secondary sex characteristics of a female?

Answer 6

Minimal facial hair, breasts, minimal body hair, wide hips, high voice

Question 7

How do male sex organs develop in an embryo?

Answer 7

Y chromosome has a gene called testis- determining factor. The action of the gene triggers the productions of male sex hormones. These are called androgens- it initiate the development of male sex hormones. The testes first develop in the abdominal cavity. In the third month of development the testes begin to grow

Question 8

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: GnRH in a male?

Answer 8

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, stimulates the release of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary

Question 9

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: FSH in a male?

Answer 9

Anterior pituitary, testes (sertoli cells, seminiferous tubules), stimulates sperm formation

Question 10

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: LH in a male?

Answer 10

Anterior pituitary, testes (interstitial cells), stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells

Question 11

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: Testosterone in a male?

Answer 11

Testes (sertoli cells), entire body, stimulates development of male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics

Question 12

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: Inhibin in a male?

Answer 12

Testes (sertoli cells) anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, Inhibits FSH production ( by negative feedback)

Question 13

What two hormones directly affect spermatogenesis?

Answer 13

Testosterone and FSH

Question 14

How do female sex hormones develop in an embryo?

Answer 14

It can be thought of as a default pattern. If there was no Y chromosome, then the embryo developed as a female. With no TDF gene, no testosterone then the ovaries and uterus develop instead of the testes by default.

Question 15

What is the significance of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

It ensures that an ovum is released at the same time as the uterus when it is most receptive to the fertilized egg. Having one cycle in every month also allows humans to reproduce many times in a year.

Question 16

What hormone is responsible for follicle growth?

Answer 16

FSH

Question 17

What hormone is responsible for ovulation?

Answer 17

LH

Question 18

What is the principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?

Answer 18

Progesterone

Question 19

What is the function of progesterone?

Answer 19

Maintains the thickening of the uterine lining (causes blood vessels to develop (vascularization) in endometrium). It prevents uterine contractions and inhibits LH by negative feedback.

Question 20

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: GnRH in a female?

Answer 20

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, stimulates release of FSH and LH

Question 21

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: FS in a female?

Answer 21

Anterior pituitary, ovaries (follicles), stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicle and female sex organs

Question 22

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: LH in a female?

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary, ovaries (follicles and corpus lutem), stimulates ovulation and the growth and development of corpus lutem

Question 23

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: Estrogen in a female?

Answer 23

Ovaries- follicles (follicular phase before ovulation), Corpus Luteum after ovulations, effects all body cells, stimulates the development of the female repo. tract and secondary sex characteristics, at high levels, stimulates LH surge, initiates the growth of uterine lining

Question 24

What is the production site, target organs and function for the hormone: Progesterone in a female?

Answer 24

Ovaries- corpus luteum (after ovulation), uterus, maintains the growth of uterine lining, inhibits uterine contractions, maintains embryo in 1st 12 weeks of pregnancy

Question 25

What happens to the hormone levels if the ovum is fertilized?

Answer 25

High progesterone levels maintain the endometrium to support the developing fetus and high estrogen levels stop the ovarian cycle.

Question 26

What hormone is secreted by the developing follicle?

Answer 26

Estrogen

Question 27

What is the role of estrogen in the follicular phase?

Answer 27

It initiates the thickening of the endometrium. It stimulates LH production (by positive FB) and inhibits FSH (negative FB)

Question 28

What hormone triggers menstruation?

Answer 28

Low levels of progesterone and estrogen in the blood due to the degeneration of the CL

Question 29

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

Answer 29

It is stimulated by LH to produce progesterone and small amounts of estrogen

Question 30

Timing of the Flow Phase and function

Answer 30

Days 1-5: CL has degenerated and hormones are low. Menstruation is occurring

Question 31

Timing of the Follicular Phase and function

Answer 31

Day 6-13: Estrogen level is high enough to start to thicken the endometrium. (Follicle secretes Estrogen)

Question 32

Timing of Ovulatory Phase and function

Answer 32

Day 14: LH stimulates the mature follicle to rupture and release the mature ovum

Question 33

Timing of Ovulatory Phase and function

Answer 33

Days 15-28: Release of progesterone by the corpus luteum, maintains the thickening of endometrium. (CL secretes progesterone)

Question 34

What happens on day 14?

Answer 34

Ovulation occurs. LH stimulates the ovum to burst out of the mature follicle in the ovary

Question 35

Step 1 of Menstruation:

Answer 35

Increased FSH from the pituitary

Question 36

Step 2 of Menstruation:

Answer 36

Follicle growth and development- day 7 one follicle is chosen

Question 37

Step 3 of Menstruation:

Answer 37

As estrogen increases, FSH and LH increase. More E= thickening of endometrium

Question 38

Step 4 of Menstruation:

Answer 38

LH rises quickly on day 14

Question 39

Step 5 of Menstruation:

Answer 39

Ovulation (release of ovum)

Question 40

Step 6 of Menstruation:

Answer 40

Formation of corpus luteum. It develops from the cells that made up the follicle

Question 41

Step 7 of Menstruation:

Answer 41

Corpus luteum secretes PROGESTERONE and some estrogen

Question 42

Step 8 of Menstruation:

Answer 42

Progesterone maintains thickening of endometrium

Question 43

Step 9 of Menstruation:

Answer 43

CL degenerates if there is no egg fertilized

Question 44

Step 10 of Menstruation:

Answer 44

No CL means no P and E levels (decrease) which means endometrium is not maintained

Question 45

Step 11 of Menstruation:

Answer 45

Low P and E levels increase FSH and LH (negative FB)

Question 46

Step 12 of Menstruation:

Answer 46

Menstruation occurs since the endometrium has no hormones to maintain it