reproduction; oogenesis + spermatogenesis

Question 1

what is spermatogenesis? where does it take place

Answer 1

process is called during gamete formation, ending with 4 haploid sperm cells
takes place in the testes»seminiferous tubules of male

Question 2

what does sperm cell end with with its four non identical haploid cells?

Answer 2

have the same number of chromosomes and an equal amount of cytoplasm.

Question 3

what do each tubule have beneath the enclosed membrane

Answer 3

Each tubule is enclosed in basement membrane» beneath is a layer of germinal epithelium cells/ spermatogonia

Question 4

germinal epithelium cells

Answer 4

diploid cells that divide (mitosis) regularly which produces more diploids that enlarge, known as: primary spermatocytes

Question 5

primary spermatocytes divide by

Answer 5

meiosis

Question 6

primary spermatocytes first division

Answer 6

first neurotic division produce two haploid cell&raquo_space; secondary spermatocytes

Question 7

primary->secondary spermatocyte second division

Answer 7

secondary spermatocytes produce&raquo_space; four spermatids

Question 8

sperm dvlpt 1– Sertoli cells

Answer 8

what spermatids attach to, also called nurse cells
assist in differentiation of immature spermatids-> spermatozoa by providing n o u r i s h m e n t

Question 9

sperm dvlpt 2– what happen when spermatozoa develop tail

Answer 9

once spermatozoa develops their tail, they detach from Sertoli cells and carried down the lumen of tubule—> epididymis

Question 10

testes

Answer 10

are each testis housed outside abdominal cavity in a sac called the scrotum

testes+scrotum = testicles

Question 11

how does scrotum need to condition itself to procure sperm?

Answer 11

sperm can’t optimally develop at human body temperature, so it remains 2 degrees cooler

makes muscles around the scrotum to contract pulling testes toward the body.

Question 12

Sperm is controlled by three hormones

Answer 12

follicule-stimulating hormone (fsh)

testosterones

luteinizing hormone (lh)

Question 13

fsh male

Answer 13

stimulates meiosis in spermatocytes to produce haploid cells
produce by pituitary gland

Question 14

testosterones

Answer 14

stimulates maturation of secondary spermatocytes into mature sperm cells
produced by testes (signaled to be made by pituitary gland)

Question 15

lh male

Answer 15

stimulates the secretion of testosterones by the testes
produced by pituitary glands

Question 16

What stage is sperm created

Answer 16

puberty stage

Question 17

how do sperm cells leave epididymis? I

Answer 17

sperm cells are released during ejaculation within a nutrient-rich fluid: semen
semen is mixed with sperm cells as they leave epidiymis
leaves to vas deferens via muscular contractions that propel sperm there

Question 18

ejaculation

Answer 18

expulsion of semen from penis

Question 19

vas deferens

Answer 19

A duct that passes upward the abdomen and loops around the urinary bladder which joins a short duct: seminal vesicle

the two ducts unite&raquo_space; ejaculatory duct

Question 20

what is semen produced by

Answer 20

two seminal vesicles and prostate gland

Question 21

70% of semen fluid from seminal vesicles is made of what?

Answer 21

70% of semen fluid from the seminal vesicles are rich in fructose» provides energy for sperm to swim and contains mucus to protect the spermatozoa from acidic environment of vagina

Question 22

prostate gland produces
+bulbourethral glands

Answer 22

alkaline gland&raquo_space; thin fluid that further nourishes the sperm

bulbourethral glands» secretes a clear alkaline mucus

Question 23

oogenesis 1

Answer 23

gamete formation starts will diploid cells: oogonia/germinal epithelial cells with
o v a r i e s

Question 24

og 2– what occurs when oogonia divides?

Answer 24

oogonia divides by mitosis and enlarges to form primary oocytes

Question 25

og 3– primary oocytes 1/2 process

Answer 25

begins meiosis but stops at phase I, leaving primary oocytes surrounded by primary follicles

Question 26

follicule dvlp 1- what happens during menstrual cycle (2/2 process)

Answer 26

during e/ menstrual cycle a few follicles continue meiosis I but only one will complete it producing&raquo_space; 2 haploid cells

Question 27

follicule dvlp 1.2- what does menstrual cycle result in

Answer 27

The 2 haploid cells w/:
the division of the cytoplasm will be uneven by the end of meiosis
results in a secondary oocyte and a polar body
^^
whole thing = follicule

Question 28

follicule dvlp 2- what happens to secondary oocyte

Answer 28

it begin meiosis II but stops at prophase ii
follicle cells also divide and produce a fluid -> cause follicle to swell

Question 29

follicule dvlp 2.2- what happens during ovulation

Answer 29

at ovulation, causes follicle to rupture and release secondary oocyte

Question 30

follicule dvlp 3- after fertilization…

Answer 30

secondary oocytes completes meiosis ii -> becomes ovum*
empty follicle dvlps&raquo_space; corpus luteum: produces progesterone
unequal division of cytoplasm during oogenesis provides ovum
w/ enough nutrients to support the dvlping zygote for a few days

Question 31

menstrual cycle hormones

Answer 31

menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones produced by pituitary gland:
fsh, estrogen, lh, progesterone

Question 32

fsh female

Answer 32

stimulates follicle inside ovary to dvlp which secretes estrogen

Question 33

estrogen

Answer 33

stimulates the lining of uterus to thicken + stimulates lh

Question 34

lh female

Answer 34

triggers ovulation + dvlpmt of the corpus luteum

Question 35

corpus luteum 1- it produces…

Answer 35

both progesterone and estrogen

Question 36

corpus luteum 2- progesterone does what? why?

Answer 36

progesterone increases the uterine lining which causes fsh to drop
» prevents the release of another egg until progesterone decreases again

Question 37

if egg is not fertilized pt 1- what breaks down? resulting in?

Answer 37

the corpus luteum breaks down, resulting in levels of progesterone dropping.

Question 38

if egg is not fertilized pt 2- what does this drop cause? (2 things)

Answer 38

the progesterone causes uterine lining to break down + menstruation to occur.

Question 39

if egg is not fertilized pt 3- what continues for 4-7 days, what does it result in?

Answer 39

menstruation continues for 4-7 days until progesterone reaches a certain level causes:
release of fsh by pituitary&raquo_space; cycle starts again

Question 40

if egg is fertilized pt 1- what happens when _____ is deposited?

Answer 40

sperm deposits goes into female cervix, they travel up uterus -> oviduct

Question 41

if egg is fertilized pt 2- what happens in the oviducts?

Answer 41

fertilization occurs in oviducts when:
1 sperm enters mature egg&raquo_space; their nuclei fuse&raquo_space; forms a zygote