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BIOLOGY > Reproduction And Growth > Flashcards

Reproduction And Growth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Features of sexual reproduction

A
  • gametes produced
  • fertilisation takes place
  • genetic variation in offspring
  • has survival value in changing environments
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2
Q

Features of asexual reproduction

A
  • no gametes produced
  • no fertilisation takes place
  • no genetic variation
  • has survival value in stable environments
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3
Q

Diploid number in humans

A

46

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4
Q

Haploid number in humans

A

23

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5
Q

Why does sexual reproduction produce genetic variation?

A
  • variation amongst gametes
  • random nature in which fertilisation takes place
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6
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve

A

Fusion of male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo.

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7
Q

What are the male gametes in plants?

A

Pollen grains

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8
Q

Where are the pollen grains produce in plants?

A

Anthers of the stamens

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9
Q

Where are the egg cell produced in plants

A

Ovules of the ovaries

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10
Q

Insect pollinated flower structure adaptations

A
  • stamen and stigma is enclosed - so insect has to come into contact with it
  • stigma is sticky - pollen grains stick to it from insect
  • large, brightly coloured petals - attract insects
  • nectar - attract insects
  • pollen grains are large and sticky - stick to insect bodies
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11
Q

Two sexual ways to pollinate flowers

A

Wind pollinated
Insect pollinated

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12
Q

Wind pollinated flower structure adaptations

A
  • stamen is exposed - wind can blow pollen grains away
  • stigma is exposed and feathery - catch pollen grains easily
  • small, not brightly coloured petals
  • no nectar
  • Pollen grains a re smaller and smoother - travel further in wind
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13
Q

Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Sexual
- offspring are genetically varied

Asexual
- only one parent needed
- offspring are clones

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14
Q

Natural asexual ways to reproduce a plant

A

Runners - part of plant touches ground and forms new plant
Tubers - form at end of branches. Food store fro new plant whilst it develops
Bulbs - acts as food store where new buds can develop

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15
Q

Artificial ways to asexually reproduce plant

A

cutting - branch from parent cell is cut off with a few leaves. Stem placed in damp compost with hormones to promote new root development
Grafting - plant cutting placed onto the stem of another and they grow together. Used when plant grows poorly but has desirable traits (large fruits, disease resistance)

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16
Q

3 main conditions needed for seed to germinate

A

Water ( enzyme reactions)
Warmth ( metabolic reactions)
Oxygen ( respiration)

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17
Q

Signs a seed has germinated

A
  • small root ( radicle) and a shoot (plumule) show
  • seed splits
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18
Q

What happens to the ovary and ovule after fertilisation?

A

Ovary wall - becomes fruit coat
Ovule wall - Becomes seed coat

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19
Q

Steps for germination

A
  1. Seed coat absorbs water and expands
  2. Seed coat swells and splits
  3. Shots grow upwards and roots grow downwards
  4. First leaf develops - producing food by photosynthesis
  5. More leaves develop
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20
Q

What is the role of placenta

A

Allows embryo to obtain nutrients from mothers blood and get rid of waste products ( urea and carbon dioxide)
Anchors embryo in uterus

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21
Q

Examples of what the placenta passes through mother’s blood

A
  • Oxygen, glucose, amino acids ( to make proteins), fatty acids and glycerol ( to make lipids). Secretes progesterone
  • carbon dioxide, urea
  • prevents mixing of mother and embryo’s blood
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22
Q

What does amnion secrete and what does it do?

A
  • Secretes amniotic fluid which protects the embryo from shock and sudden movement (amniotic sac)
  • Maintains constant temperature around foetus
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23
Q

Role of umbilical cord

A

Transports foetus blood to the placenta and back to allow exchange of materials with mother’s blood

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24
Q

Role of cervix

A

-Stays closed during pregnancy forming a barrier to pathogens
- softens and dilates during labour

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25
Q

What is oestrogen’s role in the puberty in females ?

A

Stimulates development of female secondary sexual characteristics

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26
Q

What’s testosterone’s role in the puberty of males?

A

Stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics

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27
Q

Male secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • voice deepens and breaks
  • sperm production starts
  • growth of male sexual organs
  • growth of armpit, pubic and facial hair
  • increase in body mass - growth of muscle
  • sexual ‘drive’ develops
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28
Q

Female secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • menstrual cycle begins - eggs are released
  • growth of female sexual organs
  • growth of pubic and armpit hair
  • increase in body mass - hips Widen
  • breasts develop
    -voice deepens
  • sexual ‘drive’ develops
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29
Q

Role of FSH in menstrual cycle

A
  • grows and matures eggs/ follicles
  • stimulates oestrogen
  • released in pituitary gland
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30
Q

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

A
  • grows uterus lining
  • stimulates LH
  • inhibits FSH
  • released in ovaries
31
Q

Role of LH in menstrual cycle

A
  • stimulates ovulation ( release of egg)
    -stimulates progesterone
32
Q

Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle

A
  • maintains uterus lining
  • inhibits production of FSH and LH
  • released in ovaries ( corpus Luteum)
33
Q

Role of LH and FSH in puberty in males

A

LH - stimulates production of testosterone in testes
FSH - stimulates sperm production

34
Q

What is mitosis

A

Form of asexual reproduction and cell division

35
Q

Why do cells need to be replaced

A
  • When they become worn out or damaged
36
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis

A

2
They are genetically identical to the parent cell

37
Q

What is mitosis’s job

A

Growth, repair, replace

38
Q

Diploid number of mitosis

A

4 ( full set )

39
Q

Stages of mitosis in order

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

40
Q

Explain what in interphase

A

Chromosomes become sister chromatids

41
Q

Explain what happens in prophase

A
  • Sister Chromatids Become visible across the centromere
  • nuclear membrane starts to break down
42
Q

Explain what happens in metaphase

A
  • spindle fibres ( what chromosomes move along) have formed
  • chromatids line up along equator of spindle fibres, attached by centromere
43
Q

Explain what happens in anaphase

A
  • spindle fibres contract and shorten - pulling chromatids apart and to opposite poles of the cell
  • sister chromatids are now chromosomes
44
Q

Explain what happens in telophase

A
  • two nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell + cytoplasm divides
  • this produces two daughter cells, both genetically identical to parent cell ( diploid)
45
Q

Where does mitosis happen

A

Everywhere in the body

46
Q

Many cell divisions are there in mitosis

A

1

47
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

Gametes ( sperm, eggs, pollen ) that aren’t genetically identical that are used for sexual reproduction.

48
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce

A

4 ( not genetically identical) ( haploid - 23 chromosomes)

49
Q

How many cell divisions does meiosis involve

A

2

50
Q

Where does meiosis happen in humans and plants

A

Humans - testes and ovaries
Plants - Anther and ovaries

51
Q

Why is it important that meiosis produces cells that are haploid ( 23 chromosomes)

A

So when the gametes join with the opposite gamete they have a full set of chromosomes

52
Q

Are The gametes produced by meiosis genetically different or not

A

Yes they are so this causes genetical variation in offspring

53
Q

What happens in ovary

A

Where egg cells are formed by meiosis. Produces oestrogen and progesterone

54
Q

What happens in oviduct

A

Egg cells travel down this to the uterus.
Lined with cilia which move the cell.
Site of fertilisation

55
Q

What happens in Uterus

A

Lining forms in uterus, where embryo will plant. Foetus develops here. has a thick muscular wall which contracts during labour

56
Q

What happens in cervix

A

Narrow opening to uterus.
Dilates during labour

57
Q

What is a vagina

A

Muscular tube that leads to cervix from outside of body.

58
Q

What happens in testes

A

Sperm cells are formed by meiosis. Produces testosterone

59
Q

What happens in sperm duct

A

Maturing sperm are transported along this tube

60
Q

What happens in seminal vesicle and prostate gland

A

Release liquid into sperm duct -mixes with sperm cells to form semen
Liquid provides nutrients to sperm

61
Q

What happens in penis

A

Transports urine and some out of body.
Tissue fill with blood to become erect
Help pass the semen out of body and into vagina

62
Q

What is urethra

A

Tube inside penis which can transport either urine or semen

63
Q

Role of amniotic fluid

A

Protects embryo from bumps, drying out and temp changes

64
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

Pituitary gland

65
Q

Where is oestrogen produced

A

Ovary (follicle in ovary)

66
Q

What does oestrogen stop and trigger

A

Stops FSH production
Starts LH production

67
Q

Where is LH produced

A

Pituitary gland

68
Q

Where does fertilisation happen

A

Fallopian tube

69
Q

Where is progesterone produced

A

Ovary (Corpus lutem)

70
Q

What hormone/s is high during ovulation

A

LH is highest
Oestrogen is second highest

71
Q

What hormone is highest during menstruation

A

FSH

72
Q

What hormone is highest during luteal phase

A

Progesterone

73
Q

What does progesterone inhibit

A

FSH and LH

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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