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1
Q

Levels of organisation?

A

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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2
Q

Examples of each level of organisation?

A
  • Nucleus, red blood cell, muscle tissue, heart, cardiovascular system
  • Nucleus, neurons, nerves, brain, nervous system
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3
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

Cells with similar functions that are grouped together to form a tissue.

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4
Q

What makes up organs?

A

Several tissues that carry out the same function

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5
Q

What makes up organ systems?

A

Organs group with other organs to perform specific functions.

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6
Q

Equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

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7
Q

Steps to calculate magnification? ( given the actual size)

A

1) measure image size with ruler in mm
2) convert mm to micrometers ( x 1000)
3) divide by actual size

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8
Q

Millimetres -> micrometers?
Micrometers -> millimetres?

A

X1000
/ 1000

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9
Q

Micrometers -> nanometres?
Nanometres -> micrometers?

A

X1000
/ 1000

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10
Q

Rules for biological drawings?

A
  • only draw 2-3 cells
  • title : biological drawing of …..
  • magnification
  • draw what you see
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11
Q

What do animal cells have?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm

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12
Q

What do plant cells have?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuole, chloroplast

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13
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Largest organelle. Controls activities in the cell. Contains chromosomes which stay in the organelle.

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14
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

barrier between cytoplasm and outside of cells. Partially permeable - allows some molecule in but not others.

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15
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site or aerobic respiration, releases energy

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16
Q

Functions of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis.

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17
Q

7 components of a balanced diet

A

Carbs, lipids, protiens, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water

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18
Q

Elements, smaller sub unit, examples of carbohydrate?

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • Glucose
  • Glucose (monosaccharides), sucrose + lactose (disaccharides), starch + glycogen ( polysaccharides)
19
Q

Elements, smaller sub unit and examples of protein?

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen + other elements ( sometimes sulfur)
  • Amino acids
  • collagen, enzymes, haemoglobin
20
Q

Elements, smallest sub unit of lipids?

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen + oxygen
  • fatty acids + glycerol
21
Q

Food test for glucose

A

Food + Benedict’s reagent
Heat in water bath
Blue - negative, green - some sugars, orange/yellow - more sugars, brick red - positive (lots)

22
Q

Food test for starch

A

Food + iodine on spotting tile
Positive - bluey black

23
Q

Food test for Proteins

A

Food + Biurets reagent
Positive - purple/ lilac

24
Q

Food test for lipids

A

Food + ethanol
Shake
Water
Shake
Positive - cloudy white/ milky emulsion

25
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

Protein
Glucose
Starch

26
Q

Function of a vacuole

A

Stores water, holds cell shape, contains waste products + minerals + nutrients

27
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts
Made of protiens
Reduce amount of activation energy needed for reaction to occur

28
Q

Explain how enzymes work

A

Enzymes are specific to a substrate
Active site is complimentary to substrate
Optimum 37 degrees c
Over 40 degrees c - enzyme denatures - active site is no longer complimentary

29
Q

Examples of carbohydrases enzymes and what they break down

A

Amylase - starch -> maltose
Maltase - maltose -> glucose

30
Q

Example of proteases enzymes and what they break down?

A

Pepsin - proteins -> peptides
Trypsin - proteins -> peptides
Peptidases - peptide -> amino acids

31
Q

Examples of lipases enzyme and what the break down?

A

Lipase - lipids -> fatty acids and glycerol

32
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • nucleus
  • long strands -> chromosomes
  • 2 poly nucleotide strands -> double helix shape
  • 4 bases - adenine + thymine, guanine + cytosine
  • a + t -> 2 hydrogen bonds
  • c + g -> 3 hydrogen bonds
  • dna monomer -> made of nucleotide monomers has the base and sugar- phosphate makes up its backbone.
  • made of amino acids
33
Q

Complimentary base pairs in DNA

A

Adenine + thymine ( 2 hydrogen bonds)
Cytosine + guanine ( 3 hydrogen bonds)

34
Q

Difference between gene and genome?

A

Genome - all DNA in an organism - contains genes
Gene - segment of DNA - contain specific sequence which leads to specific traits - get passed down

35
Q

location and how it is specialised - palisade cell

A
  • plant stem - transparent with chloroplasts for light absorption
36
Q

location + how it is specialised - RBC

A
  • blood
  • biconcave shape increases SA:V ratio for oxygen absorption
  • no nucleus so more haemoglobin can be held
  • lots of haemoglobin - carry more oxygen
37
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes ( bacteria)

A
  • Single celled ( extremely small)
  • no membrane bound organelles eg. Mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts
  • cell wall and cell membrane, can have flagella
  • genetic material (nucleus) in cytoplasm
    -arranged in single circular chromosome
38
Q

Characteristics of an animal kingdom

A
  • Multicellular
  • no chloroplasts or cell wall
  • stores carbs as glycogen
  • has nervous system
  • eats other organisms for food
39
Q

Characteristics of plant kingdom

A

-multicellular
- make own foods -> photosynthesis
-chloroplasts + cellulose cell wall
- stores carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

40
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • Many are multicellular
  • consists of threads of hyphae - whole structure is mycelium
    -feeds by saprotrophs nutrition
  • no chloroplasts
  • chitin cell wall
    -some have more than one nucleus
  • stores carbs as glycogen
41
Q

Characteristics of protoctista (dustbin kingdom)

A
  • single celled
  • some photosynthesise
    -can have chloroplasts + cell wall + flagella
  • lots of variation
42
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Plants, fungi, animal, protocitsa
Cells contain membrane bound organelles - eg. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts

43
Q

What are viruses?

A

-Parasites -> cant reproduce by themselves
-Not classed as living - dont respire, excrete, feed, move, grow or respond to surrounding - only reproduce parasitically
- very small
- can affect any cell