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BIOLOGY > Enviromental Interactions > Flashcards

Enviromental Interactions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define ecology

A

Study of inter-relationships between organism and their environment

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2
Q

Define ecosystem

A

Dynamic systems made up of a community and all the non- living factors of its environment

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3
Q

Define community

A

All the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular place at the same time

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4
Q

Define population

A

Amount of one species that occupy a particular place at a particular time

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5
Q

Difference between abiotic and biotic factor

A

Biotic - living
Abiotic - non living
Factors that affect organisms

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6
Q

Define biomass

A

Total mass of organisms,
(refers to living organisms - fresh biomass)

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7
Q

What are pyramids of number

A

Represent the number of organisms in each trophic level in a food chain - irrespective of their mass

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8
Q

What are pyramids of biomass

A

Shows total mass of organisms in each trophic level - irrespective of their number

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9
Q

Method for random sampling

A
  • divide area into grid using tape measure
  • use random number generator to get coordinates
  • at each coordinate, place quadrant and count no. Of organisms in each quadrant
  • repeat process 20 times of more -> sample size is representative of whole area
  • work out average no. Of organisms per quadrant and divide size of quadrant and multiply by size of whole area
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10
Q

Equation to work out density of organism in an area

A

Population density = mean plants per quadrat / area per quadrat

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11
Q

What does random sampling do

A

Eliminates bias

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12
Q

Examples of biotic factors

A

Prey/predators
Human activity
Disease
Competition for resources

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13
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

mineral ions in soil (eg.Clay vs chalk), climate (temperature, water availability, light intensity)

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14
Q

Define habitat

A

Place where an organism lives
(is characterised by physical conditions and other types of organisms present)

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15
Q

Order of trophic levels

A

Producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer ->tertiary consumer -> quaternary consumer

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16
Q

What can the animal at the end of the food chain be called

A

Apex predator or top carnivore

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17
Q

Advantage of food webs compared to food chains

A

More accurate way of showing the feeding relationships between organisms

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18
Q

Disadvantage of food webs

A

Don’t show how many organisms are involved in food web, and the role of de composers

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19
Q

What does CORMS stand for

A

Change - changing IV
Organism - same species/sex/age/mass
Repeats - at least 3 repeats (20 or more for quadrat)
Measure - measure DV - what and how
Same - CV

20
Q

What is sampling used for

A

To estimate the population size in a given area

21
Q

IV,DV and CV of how light affects rate of photosynthesis

A

IV - light intensity (dist between lamp and plant)
DV - no. Of oxygen bubbles produced at diff light intensitys (volume of oxygen)
CV- mass, species of plant, no. Of leaves, volume of water, CO2 conc,

22
Q

Test for starch

A

Add Iodine to sample
Orange -> blue/ black - positive

23
Q

Method for testing leaves for starch

A
  • Bunsen -> boil beaker of water
  • leaf in boiling water
  • Bunsen off
  • leaf in test tube with ethanol
  • test tube in boiling water
  • wash leaf in warm water
  • leaf on white tile + iodine
  • black brown -> positive
24
Q

Why do we
- put leaf in boiling water
- put leaf in ethanol
- wash leaf in warm water
- add iodine to leaf

A
  • stops any further photosynthesis + removes wax
  • removes chlorophyll ( green)
  • softens leaf
  • able to see in starch is in leaf
25
Q

which factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • CO2 conc
  • Light intensity
  • temperature
26
Q

how is nitrogen in air converted to nitrogen in plants?

A

Mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria ( in legumes - root nodules)

27
Q

How is nitrogen converted from plants into consumers?

A

Consumption

28
Q

Two ways nitrogen is converted into ammonia from consumers

A
  • Excretion (waste)
  • decomposing (dead organism)
29
Q

How is ammonia converted into nitrites?
Then nitrites into nitrates?

A

Nitrifying bacteria

30
Q

How is nitrogen in the air converted into ammonia?

A

Free living nitrogen bacteria

31
Q

How is nitrites (in the soil) converted into nitrogen in the air

A

Denitrifying bacteria

32
Q

How is nitrates converted into nitrogen in plants

A

Uptake by active transport

33
Q

How is nitrogen in plants converted into ammonia

A

Decomposers

34
Q

Describe role of nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Absorb nitrogen gas and make ammonia

35
Q

Describe role of Decomposers

A

Nitrogen in plants -> ammonia
Nitrogen in consumers -> ammonia

36
Q

Describe role of nitrifying bacteria

A

Ammonia -> nitrites -> nitrates

37
Q

Describe role of denitrifying bacteria

A

Nitrates -> nitrogen in air

38
Q

What do Animals and plants need nitrogen for?

A
  • growth and repair
  • making amino acids
  • making proteins
  • making DNA ( nitrogenous bases - CGAT)
  • making ATP
39
Q

What does a mutualistic relationship in root nodules mean

A

Both the plants and the bacteria benefit
- bacteria provide plants with ammonia -> amino acids
- plants provide organic nutrients to bacteria

40
Q

Examples of leguminous plants

A

Peas, beans, clover

41
Q

How is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere converted into carbon dioxide in plants?
And plants back to atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis
Respiration

42
Q

How is CO2 in plants converted into CO2 in animals?

A

Feeding and assimilation

43
Q

How is CO2 in plants and animals converted into fossil fuels?

A

Fossilisation

44
Q

How is fossil fuels converted into CO2 in the atmosphere

A

Combustion

45
Q

How is plants converted into Decomposers?
Two ways animals are converted into Decomposers?

A
  • Death and decay
  • death and decay, excretion
46
Q

How is CO2 in animals converted into CO2 in atmosphere

A

Respiration

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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