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Energy For Life Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic respiration Equation?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)

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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans equation

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ATP)

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast equation

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ ATP)

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4
Q

Why is lactic acid bad for humans

A

-Lactic acid - poisonous
-Cause muscle cramps
-Broken down after excerise by oxidising in mitochondria
-repay oxygen debt -> extra oxygen needed to break it down to remove it

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5
Q

Differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic:
No oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, not much energy released, lactic acid or ethanol produced

Aerobic:
Uses oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, lots of energy released, carbon + water produced

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6
Q

What does CORMS stand for?

A

C - change
O- organism
R- repeats
M- measure
S- same

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7
Q

Independent, dependent and control variables of yeast at different temperatures

A

Independent - temperature
Dependent - number of bubbles in 30s - 1 min
Control - volume of yeast, mass of sugar added to the yeast

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8
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

Intercostal muscles - contracts
Ribs move - up
Diaphragm - contracts + lowers
Volume of chest - increases
Pressure in chest - decreases - lower than atmosphere
Air rushes - in

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9
Q

What happens when we exhale?

A

Intercostal muscles - relax
Ribs move - down
Diaphragm - relaxes + arches
Volume of chest - decreases
Pressure in chest - increases + greater than atmosphere
Air rushes - out

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10
Q

Pros and cons of Bell jar experiment

A

Pros - models ventilation, models diaphragm, models lugs very well

Cons - doesn’t show rib cage moving up, not completely airtight, no intercostal muscles, glass trachea - glass is rigid and inflexible unlike trachea.

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11
Q

Characteristics of trachea

A
  • Lots of cartilage - can stretch
  • lined with cilia epithelial cells - sweep mucus away ( mucus traps dirt etc.)
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12
Q

Characteristics of plural membrane

A
  • Surrounds ribs
  • plural fluid prevents lungs sticking to rib cage + chest when inhaling
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13
Q

How is alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A
  • 1 cell thick walls - short diffusion distance
  • folded walls - large SA
  • moist surface - allow oxygen to dissolve easily
  • thin lining - easy diffusion of gases
  • large blood capillary network surrounding - easy gas exchange
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14
Q

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged via the lungs and how do they travel around the body?

A

Oxygen - blood cells around arteries, capillaries, veins
Carbon dioxide - dissolved/diffused within the body

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15
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.

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16
Q

State the relationship between rate of diffusion and SA

A

Directly proportional

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17
Q

What happens when Temperature increases ( diffusion)

A

Atoms gain thermal energy + vibrate faster
Increases in kinetic energy and rate of diffusion

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18
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

Difference between two concentrations
Bigger the difference the steeper the gradient and faster the ROD

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19
Q

Independent, dependent and control variables of the effect of SA: V on rate of diffusion (pink jelly)

A

Independent - measurement of jelly cube
Dependent - time taken for jelly to turn colourless
Control - volume of acid, same room temperature

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20
Q

Explain how short diffusion distance affect ROD

A

Shorter distance, faster ROD

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21
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go when reacted with inhaled air?

A

Stays Red

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22
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go when reacted with exhaled air?

A

Turns Yellow (reacted with CO2)

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23
Q

What happens to limewater when reacted with inhaled air?

A

Stays colourless

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24
Q

What happens to limewater when reacted with exhaled air?

A

Turns milky white (reacted with CO2)

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25
Why can single celled organisms rely on only diffusion for oxygen?
Large SA: VR
26
Why cant multicellular organisms rely on only diffusion For oxygen
Low SA:VR
27
Function of protiens
Growth and repair of tissues
28
Function of carbs
Oxidised during respiration to release / transfer energy
29
Function of lipids
Long term source of energy, acts as layer of protection and insulation
30
Function of fibre
Allows the gut something to push against, prevents constipation and diseases eg. Colitis and bowel cancer
31
Function of: Calcium Iron
- makes teeth and bones - makes RBC
32
Function of water
Maintains hydration and good solvent
33
Deficiencies - iron - calcium - vitamin A - Vitamin C - Vitamin D
- anaemia - rickets - night blindness - scurvy - rickets
34
What is carbohydrates made up of? Where is it stored in body? Examples?
-Simple sugars eg. Glucose joined together -liver as glycogen Examples - potatoes, rice, bread
35
What are protiens made up of ? Where are they stored? Examples?
-Amino acids joined together - not stored, broken down by liver Examples- meat, fish, eggs
36
What are lipids made of? Where is it stored in the body?
-Fatty acids and glycerol - under skin and around organs - adipose tissue Examples - dairy, cheese, butter
37
What is fibre made of? Where is it stored?
- undigested food - large intestine and rectum
38
What is water made up of? Where is it stored?
- hydrogen + oxygen - body is 70% water Examples - water, celery, cucumber
39
What is vitamins made up of? Where is it stored?
-chemicals made from organic compounds - fat tissues and blood Examples - vitamin a - carrots,butter. D- sunlight. C- fresh fruit and veg
40
What are mineral made up of? Where is is stored?
- made from chemical elements - iron -> RBC Calcium -> teeth and bones
41
Method for energy content of food
- measure mass of food -> balance - water -> boiling tube supported by clamp stand - thermometer in boiling tube + wait 5 mins - record initial temp - food -> mounted needle - hold over Bunsen until on fire - food under tube until burns out - repeat until won’t light again - stir thermometer 10 secs + record temp
42
Equation for energy content of food
Temperature difference x volume of water x 4.2/ mass of food (g) = …….J per g
43
Independent, dependent and control variable for energy content of food
Independent -food sample Dependent - temp of water Control - volume of water - distance between food and test tube
44
What happens in the mouth during digestion
Chemical digestion - saliva (contains amylase) moistens food, and breaks down starch Mechanical digestion - teeth also break down food Travels down oesophagus to stomach
45
What happens in the stomach during digestion?
-Stomach wall produces pepsin (pH2) Proteins -> peptides - stomach acid ( hydrochloric acid) kills harmful microorganisms on food - held in stomach by sphincter muscle - muscles in wall break food down + increase chance of food + enzymes coming into contact
46
What happens in the duodenum during digestion?
- first part of small intestine - bile produced in liver enters here -> turns large lipid globules into small lipid droplets - increases SA -> allows more lipases to emulsify them. - pancreatic juices enter here -> amylase, trypsin, lipases - pancreatic juices + bile = alkali (neutralises stomach acid
47
What happens in the ileum during digestion?
- Second part of small intestine - digested food absorbed into blood - thin walls - short diffusion dist. - capillaries surround epithelial cells - maintain conc. gradient - villi and micro villi increase SA
48
What happens in the large intestine during digestion?
Water absorbed Feces stored
49
What is peristalsis?
Occurs in small and large intestine Keeps food moving through gut
50
Define digestion
Break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller, more soluble molecules
51
Why is bile good for enzyme action?
-emulsifies large lipid globules into smaller lipid droplets -> increase SA -> easier for lipases to act upon them - reacts with pancreatic juices to neutralise stomach acid -> small intestine optimum pH for enzymes that work there
52
Where is bile produced and stored?
Produced - liver Stored - gall bladder
53
Define active transport
-Movement of particles from an area of low to high conc. - up a conc. gradient - energy required
54
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle
55
Purpose of the right side of the heart?
Pumps blood to lungs to pick up oxygen
56
Purpose of left side of heart?
Pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body, require more pressure so its thicker
57
What is the role of the valves in the heart?
Prevents back flow of blood
58
What is the left and right side of heart divided by?
Septum - thick piece of muscle
59
Name of the vessel oxygenated blood leaves the heart from?
Aorta
60
Name of vessel the deoxygenated blood leaves heart from?
Pulmonary artery
61
Blood vessel that returns blood to rest of body to heart?
Vena cava
62
Do the artery or vein take away from the heart?
Artery - away from heart Vein - into the heart
63
What is found between atrium or ventricles?
Atrioventricular -> tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve
64
What happens when we exercise?
Muscles need more energy for respiration - heart must pump blood faster to get blood around body faster.
65
Heart rate will increase when?
- exercise - muscles need more energy - heart must beat faster so more blood can pump around body. - stressed - adrenaline secreted from adrenal glands, fight or flight response
66
What is blood made up of?
Red blood cells - haemoglobin in RBC transports oxygen White blood cells - helps fight off pathogens Blood plasma -transports carbon dioxide, amino acids and glucose Platelets - aids clotting of blood
67
Short term effects of exercise on the heart
- Increased heart rate - blood pumped at more force - blood pressure increased - more blood pumped ( cardiac output) - blood vessels dilate - more blood can flow
68
Long term effects of exercise on the heart
-Lower resting heart rate - require more exercise to gain heart rate - recover quicker - increase size and thickness of heart -cardiac output increases - improves elasticity of blood vessels - expand and contract - deliver more oxygen + glucose to muscles faster
69
What does plasma transport?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, proteins + amino acids, urea, heat, hormones
70
Structure of an artery
- Narrow lumen - thicker walls - thicker elastic layer - thicker outer layer - no valves Helps artery carry blood at high pressure
71
Structure of a vein
- Wide lumen - thinner walls - thinner elastic fibres - thinner outer layer - valves Help with carry blood at low pressure
72
Structural adaptations of capillaries
-1 cell thick - short diffusion distance to aid diffusion of molecules in and out of capillaries -Numerous and highly branched - large SA - narrow diameter - short diffusion distance
73
Where do capillaries supply blood to
Between the organs
74
Artery, vein, capillary: Which one has valves?
Veins
75
Heart to lungs? Lungs to heart?
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
76
Heart to kidney? Kidney to heart?
Renal artery Renal vein
77
Function of vitamins
Prevent deficiencies Vitamin a - night blindness Vitamin c - scurvy Vitamin d - rickets
78
Why does breathing rate increase during excersise
- muscles respiring - muscles contracting - need O2, glucose - breathing rate increases to meet O2 demands
79
Why does the volume of breaths increase after excersise
- repay oxygen debt - O2 breaks down lactic acid - lactic acid poisonous - lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration - to remove CO2
80
Which blood vessel returns blood from rest of body to heart
Vena cava
81
Which vessel does oxygenates blood leave the heart from?
Aorta
82
Carbon monoxide + haeomoglobin
Carbonxyhaemoglobin Decrease in oxygen transported - out of breath
83
Effects of smoking
- causes lungs cancer - tar is carcinogen - causes bronchitis - inflammation of bronchioles - causes emphysema - alveoli damaged + fuse together - large air spaces- decreases SA for gas exchange
84
Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
85
Equation for photosynthesis
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
86
Which parts of plants are able to photosynthesise
The green parts because they contain chlorophyll
87
Reason for limited photosynthesis
Limited water, not enough chloroplasts, not enough CO2
88
What is starch and where is it stored
Polymer of glucose and storage in plants. Only made in parts of the plant that contain chlorophyll
89
Why is starch a good energy store
Insoluble, compact and big - can easily be broken down
90
How to test for leaves starch
- Bunsen burner to boil beaker of water. Leaf in boiling water. - bunsen off. Leaf into test tube with ethanol. Place in beaker of boiling water. - wash leaf in warm water - leaf on white tile + add iodine solution - black -> contains starch (photosynthesising) - no colour change -> no starch ( not photosynthesising)
91
In test for starch in leaves Why do we put leaf in boiling water? Why do we put leaf in ethanol? Why do we wash leaf in warm water?
- stops any further photosynthesis + removes waxy layer - removes chlorophyll from leaf - Softens leaf
92
IV, DV, CV for investigating how light affects rate of photosynthesis in plants
IV - distance between lamp and plant ( change light intensity) DV- no. Of oxygen bubbles produced at different light intensity’s (volume of oxygen) CV- mass of plant, species of plant, no. Of leaves, volume of water, CO2 concentration, room temp, type of bulb ( LED)
93
How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis
Thin - short diffusion distance Large SA - absorbs light

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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