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BIOLOGY > Energy For Life > Flashcards

Energy For Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aerobic respiration Equation?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP)

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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration in humans equation

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ATP)

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast equation

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ ATP)

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4
Q

Why is lactic acid bad for humans

A

-Lactic acid - poisonous
-Cause muscle cramps
-Broken down after excerise by oxidising in mitochondria
-repay oxygen debt -> extra oxygen needed to break it down to remove it

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5
Q

Differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic:
No oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, not much energy released, lactic acid or ethanol produced

Aerobic:
Uses oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, lots of energy released, carbon + water produced

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6
Q

What does CORMS stand for?

A

C - change
O- organism
R- repeats
M- measure
S- same

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7
Q

Independent, dependent and control variables of yeast at different temperatures

A

Independent - temperature
Dependent - number of bubbles in 30s - 1 min
Control - volume of yeast, mass of sugar added to the yeast

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8
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

Intercostal muscles - contracts
Ribs move - up
Diaphragm - contracts + lowers
Volume of chest - increases
Pressure in chest - decreases - lower than atmosphere
Air rushes - in

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9
Q

What happens when we exhale?

A

Intercostal muscles - relax
Ribs move - down
Diaphragm - relaxes + arches
Volume of chest - decreases
Pressure in chest - increases + greater than atmosphere
Air rushes - out

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10
Q

Pros and cons of Bell jar experiment

A

Pros - models ventilation, models diaphragm, models lugs very well

Cons - doesn’t show rib cage moving up, not completely airtight, no intercostal muscles, glass trachea - glass is rigid and inflexible unlike trachea.

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11
Q

Characteristics of trachea

A
  • Lots of cartilage - can stretch
  • lined with cilia epithelial cells - sweep mucus away ( mucus traps dirt etc.)
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12
Q

Characteristics of plural membrane

A
  • Surrounds ribs
  • plural fluid prevents lungs sticking to rib cage + chest when inhaling
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13
Q

How is alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A
  • 1 cell thick walls - short diffusion distance
  • folded walls - large SA
  • moist surface - allow oxygen to dissolve easily
  • thin lining - easy diffusion of gases
  • large blood capillary network surrounding - easy gas exchange
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14
Q

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged via the lungs and how do they travel around the body?

A

Oxygen - blood cells around arteries, capillaries, veins
Carbon dioxide - dissolved/diffused within the body

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15
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.

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16
Q

State the relationship between rate of diffusion and SA

A

Directly proportional

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17
Q

What happens when Temperature increases ( diffusion)

A

Atoms gain thermal energy + vibrate faster
Increases in kinetic energy and rate of diffusion

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18
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

Difference between two concentrations
Bigger the difference the steeper the gradient and faster the ROD

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19
Q

Independent, dependent and control variables of the effect of SA: V on rate of diffusion (pink jelly)

A

Independent - measurement of jelly cube
Dependent - time taken for jelly to turn colourless
Control - volume of acid, same room temperature

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20
Q

Explain how short diffusion distance affect ROD

A

Shorter distance, faster ROD

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21
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go when reacted with inhaled air?

A

Stays Red

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22
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go when reacted with exhaled air?

A

Turns Yellow (reacted with CO2)

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23
Q

What happens to limewater when reacted with inhaled air?

A

Stays colourless

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24
Q

What happens to limewater when reacted with exhaled air?

A

Turns milky white (reacted with CO2)

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25
Q

Why can single celled organisms rely on only diffusion for oxygen?

A

Large SA: VR

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26
Q

Why cant multicellular organisms rely on only diffusion For oxygen

A

Low SA:VR

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27
Q

Function of protiens

A

Growth and repair of tissues

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28
Q

Function of carbs

A

Oxidised during respiration to release / transfer energy

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29
Q

Function of lipids

A

Long term source of energy, acts as layer of protection and insulation

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30
Q

Function of fibre

A

Allows the gut something to push against, prevents constipation and diseases eg. Colitis and bowel cancer

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31
Q

Function of:
Calcium
Iron

A
  • makes teeth and bones
  • makes RBC
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32
Q

Function of water

A

Maintains hydration and good solvent

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33
Q

Deficiencies
- iron
- calcium
- vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D

A
  • anaemia
  • rickets
  • night blindness
  • scurvy
  • rickets
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34
Q

What is carbohydrates made up of?
Where is it stored in body?
Examples?

A

-Simple sugars eg. Glucose joined together
-liver as glycogen
Examples - potatoes, rice, bread

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35
Q

What are protiens made up of ?
Where are they stored?
Examples?

A

-Amino acids joined together
- not stored, broken down by liver
Examples- meat, fish, eggs

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36
Q

What are lipids made of?
Where is it stored in the body?

A

-Fatty acids and glycerol
- under skin and around organs - adipose tissue
Examples - dairy, cheese, butter

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37
Q

What is fibre made of?
Where is it stored?

A
  • undigested food
  • large intestine and rectum
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38
Q

What is water made up of?
Where is it stored?

A
  • hydrogen + oxygen
  • body is 70% water
    Examples - water, celery, cucumber
39
Q

What is vitamins made up of?
Where is it stored?

A

-chemicals made from organic compounds
- fat tissues and blood
Examples - vitamin a - carrots,butter. D- sunlight. C- fresh fruit and veg

40
Q

What are mineral made up of?
Where is is stored?

A
  • made from chemical elements
  • iron -> RBC
    Calcium -> teeth and bones
41
Q

Method for energy content of food

A
  • measure mass of food -> balance
  • water -> boiling tube supported by clamp stand
  • thermometer in boiling tube + wait 5 mins
  • record initial temp
  • food -> mounted needle
  • hold over Bunsen until on fire
  • food under tube until burns out
  • repeat until won’t light again
  • stir thermometer 10 secs + record temp
42
Q

Equation for energy content of food

A

Temperature difference x volume of water x 4.2/ mass of food (g) = …….J per g

43
Q

Independent, dependent and control variable for energy content of food

A

Independent -food sample
Dependent - temp of water
Control - volume of water
- distance between food and test tube

44
Q

What happens in the mouth during digestion

A

Chemical digestion - saliva (contains amylase) moistens food, and breaks down starch
Mechanical digestion - teeth also break down food
Travels down oesophagus to stomach

45
Q

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

A

-Stomach wall produces pepsin (pH2)
Proteins -> peptides
- stomach acid ( hydrochloric acid) kills harmful microorganisms on food
- held in stomach by sphincter muscle
- muscles in wall break food down + increase chance of food + enzymes coming into contact

46
Q

What happens in the duodenum during digestion?

A
  • first part of small intestine
  • bile produced in liver enters here -> turns large lipid globules into small lipid droplets
  • increases SA -> allows more lipases to emulsify them.
  • pancreatic juices enter here -> amylase, trypsin, lipases
  • pancreatic juices + bile = alkali (neutralises stomach acid
47
Q

What happens in the ileum during digestion?

A
  • Second part of small intestine
  • digested food absorbed into blood
  • thin walls - short diffusion dist.
  • capillaries surround epithelial cells - maintain conc. gradient
  • villi and micro villi increase SA
48
Q

What happens in the large intestine during digestion?

A

Water absorbed
Feces stored

49
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Occurs in small and large intestine
Keeps food moving through gut

50
Q

Define digestion

A

Break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller, more soluble molecules

51
Q

Why is bile good for enzyme action?

A

-emulsifies large lipid globules into smaller lipid droplets -> increase SA -> easier for lipases to act upon them
- reacts with pancreatic juices to neutralise stomach acid -> small intestine optimum pH for enzymes that work there

52
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

Produced - liver
Stored - gall bladder

53
Q

Define active transport

A

-Movement of particles from an area of low to high conc.
- up a conc. gradient
- energy required

54
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

55
Q

Purpose of the right side of the heart?

A

Pumps blood to lungs to pick up oxygen

56
Q

Purpose of left side of heart?

A

Pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body, require more pressure so its thicker

57
Q

What is the role of the valves in the heart?

A

Prevents back flow of blood

58
Q

What is the left and right side of heart divided by?

A

Septum - thick piece of muscle

59
Q

Name of the vessel oxygenated blood leaves the heart from?

A

Aorta

60
Q

Name of vessel the deoxygenated blood leaves heart from?

A

Pulmonary artery

61
Q

Blood vessel that returns blood to rest of body to heart?

A

Vena cava

62
Q

Do the artery or vein take away from the heart?

A

Artery - away from heart
Vein - into the heart

63
Q

What is found between atrium or ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular -> tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve

64
Q

What happens when we exercise?

A

Muscles need more energy for respiration - heart must pump blood faster to get blood around body faster.

65
Q

Heart rate will increase when?

A
  • exercise - muscles need more energy - heart must beat faster so more blood can pump around body.
  • stressed - adrenaline secreted from adrenal glands, fight or flight response
66
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Red blood cells - haemoglobin in RBC transports oxygen
White blood cells - helps fight off pathogens
Blood plasma -transports carbon dioxide, amino acids and glucose
Platelets - aids clotting of blood

67
Q

Short term effects of exercise on the heart

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • blood pumped at more force
  • blood pressure increased
  • more blood pumped ( cardiac output)
  • blood vessels dilate - more blood can flow
68
Q

Long term effects of exercise on the heart

A

-Lower resting heart rate
- require more exercise to gain heart rate
- recover quicker
- increase size and thickness of heart
-cardiac output increases
- improves elasticity of blood vessels - expand and contract - deliver more oxygen + glucose to muscles faster

69
Q

What does plasma transport?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, proteins + amino acids, urea, heat, hormones

70
Q

Structure of an artery

A
  • Narrow lumen
  • thicker walls
  • thicker elastic layer
  • thicker outer layer
  • no valves
    Helps artery carry blood at high pressure
71
Q

Structure of a vein

A
  • Wide lumen
  • thinner walls
  • thinner elastic fibres
  • thinner outer layer
  • valves
    Help with carry blood at low pressure
72
Q

Structural adaptations of capillaries

A

-1 cell thick - short diffusion distance to aid diffusion of molecules in and out of capillaries
-Numerous and highly branched - large SA
- narrow diameter - short diffusion distance

73
Q

Where do capillaries supply blood to

A

Between the organs

74
Q

Artery, vein, capillary:
Which one has valves?

A

Veins

75
Q

Heart to lungs?
Lungs to heart?

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

76
Q

Heart to kidney?
Kidney to heart?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein

77
Q

Function of vitamins

A

Prevent deficiencies
Vitamin a - night blindness
Vitamin c - scurvy
Vitamin d - rickets

78
Q

Why does breathing rate increase during excersise

A
  • muscles respiring
  • muscles contracting
  • need O2, glucose
  • breathing rate increases to meet O2 demands
79
Q

Why does the volume of breaths increase after excersise

A
  • repay oxygen debt
  • O2 breaks down lactic acid
  • lactic acid poisonous
  • lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration
  • to remove CO2
80
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood from rest of body to heart

A

Vena cava

81
Q

Which vessel does oxygenates blood leave the heart from?

A

Aorta

82
Q

Carbon monoxide + haeomoglobin

A

Carbonxyhaemoglobin
Decrease in oxygen transported - out of breath

83
Q

Effects of smoking

A
  • causes lungs cancer - tar is carcinogen
  • causes bronchitis - inflammation of bronchioles
  • causes emphysema - alveoli damaged + fuse together - large air spaces- decreases SA for gas exchange
84
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

85
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

86
Q

Which parts of plants are able to photosynthesise

A

The green parts because they contain chlorophyll

87
Q

Reason for limited photosynthesis

A

Limited water, not enough chloroplasts, not enough CO2

88
Q

What is starch and where is it stored

A

Polymer of glucose and storage in plants. Only made in parts of the plant that contain chlorophyll

89
Q

Why is starch a good energy store

A

Insoluble, compact and big - can easily be broken down

90
Q

How to test for leaves starch

A
  • Bunsen burner to boil beaker of water. Leaf in boiling water.
  • bunsen off. Leaf into test tube with ethanol. Place in beaker of boiling water.
  • wash leaf in warm water
  • leaf on white tile + add iodine solution
  • black -> contains starch (photosynthesising)
  • no colour change -> no starch ( not photosynthesising)
91
Q

In test for starch in leaves
Why do we put leaf in boiling water?
Why do we put leaf in ethanol?
Why do we wash leaf in warm water?

A
  • stops any further photosynthesis + removes waxy layer
  • removes chlorophyll from leaf
  • Softens leaf
92
Q

IV, DV, CV for investigating how light affects rate of photosynthesis in plants

A

IV - distance between lamp and plant ( change light intensity)
DV- no. Of oxygen bubbles produced at different light intensity’s (volume of oxygen)
CV- mass of plant, species of plant, no. Of leaves, volume of water, CO2 concentration, room temp, type of bulb ( LED)

93
Q

How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis

A

Thin - short diffusion distance
Large SA - absorbs light

BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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