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ZOCT 11 Midterm > Reproduction And Genetics > Flashcards

Reproduction And Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

The science of inheritance, the study of the passage of traits from one generation to its offspring

A

Genetics

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2
Q

Unit of inheritance

A

Gene

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3
Q

Carried to offspring during reproduction by the genes of it’s parents

A

Inheritable traits

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4
Q

The component of the gene that controls inheritance is ___________

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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5
Q

Long, slender, threadlike structures found in the nucleus of a cell. Carries the gene responsible for the inherited traits of the animal

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Chromosome number of the following:
Cattle/Goat
Swine/Cat
Fowl
Sheep
Horses
Dogs
Rabbits

A

60
38
78
54
64
78
44

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7
Q

Hide a paired gene’s characteristic
Capital letters

A

Dominant genes

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8
Q

Gene of the suppressed or hidden trait is called _________________
Lowercase letter

A

Recessive gene

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9
Q

Result of the joint action of the genes, both which have an effect on the characteristic controlled by that gene pair.

A

Incomplete Dominance

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10
Q

Set of boxes used to predict the relationship of dominant and recessive genes

A

Punnet square

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11
Q

Animal carries two different genes for a particular characteristic (Aa)

A

Heterozygous

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12
Q

One that carries identical genes for a characteristic (AA, aa)

A

Homozygous

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13
Q

Outward appearance of the animal is called _______________. Possess the dominant

A

Phenotype

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14
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual is referred to as ______________.

A

Genotype

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15
Q

To improved genetic makeup of offspring which leads to better quality animals

A

Genetic Improvement Management Practices

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16
Q

General management practices

A

Genetic selection, evaluating the animal, artificial methods of breeding

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17
Q

Major management practice used to improve genetics in a breeding program

A

Genetic Selection

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18
Q

Several different techniques in general selection include

A

Tandem selection
Culling
Selection index

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19
Q

Involves for one or two traits at a time

A

Tandem selection

20
Q

Management practice that is widely used for many species. Eliminates less desirable traits by removing individuals

A

Culling

21
Q

A type of scoring system. Criteria are developed reflecting the desired qualities for the breeding animal. Low score being best

A

Selection index

22
Q

Also determines the sex of the offspring

A

Genetic inheritance

23
Q

Comparing the pedigrees, individual appearances, records and progeny test

A

Evaluating animals

24
Q

System that determines the offspring’s breed and it’s relationship to other offspring and to its parents

A

Breeding system

25
Q

Two types of breeding system

A

Straight breeding and Crossbreeding

26
Q

System involves the mating of two animals from the same breed. Helps maintain a purebred stock for commercial producers

A

Straight breeding

27
Q

The male and female are both purebred animals and are of the same breed. Greater standardization of genetic material, less desirable recessive traits

A

Purebred breeding

28
Q

Mating of animals that are more closely related than the average of the population. Used to improve genetic purity in breeding program

A

Inbreeding

29
Q

Inbreeding two categories

A

Close breeding and line breeding

30
Q

Used if the relationship is a close one and the animals share more than one ancestor such as a sire and daughter, brother and sister

A

Close breeding

31
Q

Mating of related animals is used to maintain a close genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestors. Examples mating of cousins or female and grandsire

A

Line Breeding

32
Q

Involves breeding of male and female that are of the same breed but different pedigrees

A

Outcrossing

33
Q

It involves breeding of two animals from different breeds

A

Crossbreeding

34
Q

This cross involves mating a female and male from different breeds. Example is the breeding of Hereford cow and to an Angus bull

A

Two-breed cross

35
Q

Involves mating of a crossbreed female to a male of w different breed.

A

Three-breed cross

36
Q

Involves using males of different breeds for several succeeding generations of females , ending with a male of the same breed as the female used in the first cross and then repeating the series

A

Rotational cross

37
Q

Involves crossbreed female being breed to a male that is of the same breed as one of the parents female. Example: Angus-Hereford would breed to Angus or Hereford bull

A

Backcrossing

38
Q

Involves depositing of semen that has been previously collected from the male in the female reproductive tract

A

Artificial insemination

39
Q

Biggest advantages of AI

A

Allows an outstanding sire to be used more widely to improve genetics, sire not need to be present for the breeding

40
Q

Advantages of AI

A

•Allows the collected semen to be frozen and stored
•Injured sire can still produce offspring
•Can used to control diseases
•Sire cost may be lowered
•Traditional sire ownership becomes unnecessary, eliminating associated cost

41
Q

Disadvantages of AI

A

•Collected semen requires careful handling and storage
•Once semen is thawed, it cannot be refrozen and used again since the sperm are destroyed
•Requires additional management practices and facilities and more time and labor to ensure pregnancy
•The person doing the procedure must be specially trained
•Final disadvantage may overly stress females

42
Q

The transferring of embryos from one female to others for the rest of the gestational period

A

Embryo Transfer

43
Q

Greatest Advantages of ET

A

Allow to produce a large number of genetically superior offspring

44
Q

Advantages of ET

A

•Collected embryos can be frozen and remain dormant for months or years to be implanted
•Embryo can mechanically divided to produce identical twins to increase the number of superior animals
•Superior females that cannot produce offspring themselves due to some condition may be used in breeding program

45
Q

Disadvantages of ET

A

•Extensive management is required for successful embryo transfer
•Special management is also required for estrous synchronization
•The producer will have to keep more stock, with several recipients for every donor
•Low pregnancy rate for frozen embryo implanted in surrogate mothers
•If the procedure to remove the embryos from the donor female not work, surgery may be required
•Costly

ZOCT 11 Midterm (8 decks)

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