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ZOCT 11 Midterm > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

Is any technique that uses whole or part of a living thing to make new products, improve or develop plants, animal and other organisms for specific use

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

Bios

A

Life

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3
Q

Teuchos

A

Tool

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4
Q

Logos

A

Study of

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5
Q

6 Scope of biotechnology

A

Animal biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology
Fisheries biotechnology
Microbial biotechnology
Environmental biotechnology
Industrial biotechnology

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6
Q

Better breeds of livestock and poultry to meet out-growing needs.
Lean meat
More milk

A

Animal biotechnology

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7
Q

Timeline of technologies in animal biotechnology

A

Artificial insemination- 1950s
Embryo Transfer- 1980s
Embryo splitting and cloning late- 1980s
In Vitro fertilization early-1990s
Genetic preservation late- 1990s
Somatic Cell nuclear transfer early- 2000s
Transgenic technology in research- 2000s

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8
Q

Advances in animal biotechnology

A

Animal breeding
Animal health
Animal Nutrition
Food production
Pharmaceuticals
Organ transplant

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9
Q

Animal breeding tool to improved traits such as:

A

Feed efficiency
Disease resistance
High milk production

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10
Q

Farm animals produced only one offspring a year, 5-8 offspring in a lifetime and cannot breed until they are 3-5 years of age

A

Traditional breeding

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11
Q

Modern reproductive techniques are making genetic changes in livestock faster and more precise.

A

Modern breeding

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12
Q

Modern breeding

A

Artificial insemination
Embryo Transfer
Semen sexing
Embryo splitting
Cloning
Genetic engineering

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13
Q

Method in which a semen is collected from the male animal and inseminated into the uterus of one or more female animals with desirable traits

A

Artificial insemination

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14
Q

Inject hormones so that the female animals heat come into at the same time

A

Estrus synchronization

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15
Q

The first calf born from froze semen in ?

A

1953

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16
Q

Advantages of Artificial insemination

A

• Superior male animals can be used effectively.
• Great genetic improvement of farm animals can be achieved.
• Genetic abilities can be determined more quickly and accurately.
• AI controls venereal and other diseases.
• AI makes both of the long distance transportation and the use of semen, even after the death of a male from which it was collected, possible
• Offers safe circumstances for farmers by the elimination of dangerous bulls on the farm, saving the cost of feeding and other managements for them

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17
Q

Disadvantage of AI

A

•Trained specialist are required to perform the technique.
• The conception rate of AI is usually lower than that of natural mating.
• Venereal and other diseases can be transmitted by technician’s carelessness in farm.
• Using a limited number of elite bulls brings genetic improvements as well as reverse effects.

18
Q

The process by which semen is separated by sex.
Can help determine sex of an individual during AI or embryo transfer

A

Semen sexing

19
Q

Sperm bearing X-chromosome
Sperm bearing Y-chromosome

A

Female
Male

20
Q

The method in semen sexing is done by the use of

A

Flow cytometry

21
Q

Fluorescent dye is added to sperm DNA cells with X-chromosomes fluoresce and scatter light differently from those with Y-chromosome.

A

Flow cytometry

22
Q

Developing individual from a fertilized union of a sperm and ovum

A

Embryo

23
Q

Growing embryos are transferred into surrogate female who carries the embryo to term

A

Embryo Transfer

24
Q

Benefits of Embryo Transfer

A

• Breeders can save superior females for producing eggs and use other female to carry out pregnancy
• A single superior females can produce embryos for more than 30 offspring a year.
• Embryos can be frozen and preserved indefinitely
•Embryos can be transferred to animals of different breeds in the dam species.

25
Q

Superovulation other term

A

Multiple ovulation

26
Q

3 Characteristic needed

A
  1. They have calve at least ones
  2. Do not experience dystocia (difficulty in calving)
  3. Good milk production
27
Q

Is a technique used to divide the embryo into equal halves then culture about 7 hours before transfer into the recipient cow to produce twins

A

Embryo splitting/Bisection

28
Q

Used to split embryos

A

Micromanipulator

29
Q

Ways of sexing

A
  1. Sexing by PCR method
  2. Sexing by LAMP method
  3. Sexing by Chromosomal Analysis/Karyotyping
30
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction
Embryo Sexing kit “XY Selector”

31
Q

LAMP

A

Loop- Mediated Isothermal Amplification

32
Q

Characteristics of embryo Sexing using lamp

A

SIMPLE- isothermal amplification. No denaturing steps required
RAPID- amplification completes within 15-16 minutes
SPECIFIC- high specific amplification of target sequence by four primers recognizing six distinct regions on the target.
COST EFFECTIVE- use of one type of DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. No special reagent and sophisticated equipment is required.

33
Q

Adjunct to the treatment of animal disease in the future.

A

Cryonics

34
Q

•An integral part of methods to control animal reproduction
•Long term storage of cells
•Genetic conservations and cryobanking of animal species
•Adjunct to the treatment of animal disease in the future
•Partial solution to the problem of ageing ( space exploration)

A

Cryopreservation

35
Q

Process by which semen is separated by sex. Help determine sex of an interesting during AI or ET

A

Semen sexing

36
Q

Method used in semen sexing

A

Flow cytometry

37
Q

Can be defined as solidification of a liquid brought about, not by crystalization but an extreme evaluation in viscosity during cooling

A

Vitrification

38
Q

One of the embryo production method for embryo transfer to the recipient

A

In Vitro Fertilization

39
Q

History of in vitro fertilization

Austin or Chang discovered the concept that capacitation of the supermatozoon was necessary for in vitro fertilization

A

1951

40
Q

Challenges in animal biotechnology

A

Selection of better animals
High productivity
Disease resistance
Better reproduction
Genetic improvement in a short duration
Health improvement
Improvement in livestock products
Genetic laboratories

ZOCT 11 Midterm (8 decks)

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