Reproduction and Cloning Flashcards
What are the two forms of reproduction?
- asexual
- sexual
What is sexual reproduction?
fusion of male and female gametes
What is asexual reproduction?
- doesn’t involve fusion of gametes
- only one parent is needed
- offspring are genetically identical (clones)
What are the two ways of cloning plants?
- plant cuttings
- tissue culture
Which method of cloning plants is quick and cheap?
plant cuttings
placed in rooting powder - identical plant produced
How does tissue culture work?
- protoplasts (small group of cells) taken from part of plant
- grown in hormones and nutrients
- forms identical plants
What is tissue culture used for?
- producing rare/ top quality plant at mass reproduction
MORE EXPENSIVE
What are the two ways of cloning animals?
- embryo transplants
- adult cell cloning
How do embryo transplants work?
- unspecialised embryo split apart into dmaller groups of cells
- identical cells tranplanted into host mothers
How does adult cell cloning work?
- female egg cell is enucleated
- nucleus from adult body cell inserted into body cell
- electric shock to stimulate it to divide
- develop into embryo
- placed into uterus of surrogate mother
Advantages of Cloning
- saves animals from extinction
- desired characteristics
- genetic engineering useful for medicine
Disadvantages of Cloning
- less variation
- ethics leads to human cloning
- low success rate
What is genetic engineering?
transfer of genetic info from one organism to another
How does it work?
a gene is cut out of a chromosome of an organism using an enzyme and then is placed into the chromosome of another organism at an early stage of their development
GM crops
- insect or herbicide resistant
- have increased yields
How is genetic engineering used to produce insulin in humans?
- insulin gene cut out from human cell using restriction enzyme
- plasmid of bacterium cut out using restriction enzyme
- insulin gene inserted into bacterium with a ligase enzyme
- plasmid multiplies in bacterium and bacteria multiply rapidly
- insulin formed and harvested
Advantages of genetic engineering
- produces desired characteristics
- gene therapy to get rid of faulty genes
- medicine drugs
Disadvantages of genetic engineering
- infertile GM crops
- GM crops have effect on population of wild flowers
- effects of crops on human health
- ethics
