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MEDSCI142 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main functions of gonads

A

Produce gametes

Produce reproductive hormones

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2
Q

Oestradiol

A

is formed by the granulosa from puberty to menopause and is the main orchestrating component of femininity

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3
Q

Oestrone

A

Is the male/female reproductive component

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4
Q

Oestriole

A

made in the placenta, prior to labour causes softening of the cervix

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5
Q

Progesterone

A

Major steroidal hormone of the corpus luteum and of the placenta

associated with the preparations for pregnancy and its maintenance

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6
Q

Difference between Sex Determination

and Sex Differentiation

A

Sex determination: Commitment of the gonad to a testis or an ovary

Sex differentiation
The phenotypic development of genital structures due to the action of hormones produced by the gonad

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7
Q

Why is the develpment of the female system slower

A

its slow because there is no active hormone driving the process.
In the absence of SRY, the embryo develops into a female

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8
Q

What do the wolffian duct develop into

A

Vas Deferens
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis

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9
Q

What do the Internal female genitals develop into

A

The fallopian tube,
uterus
Upper third vagina

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10
Q

Describe the male differentiation of external genitals

A

GULU control

Fusion ofthe urethral folds enclosing the urethral tube forming the shaft of the penis

Labioscrotal swellings fuse in the midline forming the scrotumn

The genital tubercle expands forming glans penis

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11
Q

Describe female differentiation

A

The urethral folds and the labioscrotal swellings remain separate, thus forming the labia minora and majora

The genital tubercle forms the clitoris

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12
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Basically Campbell

The person is XY, but all the external genitals are female,

this causes mutation in their androgen receptor gene which prevents androgen function

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13
Q

Puberty

A

It is the reawakening of the reproductive endocrine systems which leads to full secondary sexual maturation with the capacity for repro

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14
Q

Puberty stages for female

A

1) Breast
2) Pubic hair
3) Peak height spurt
4) Menarche

Oestrogen iis what leads to the breast bud, then the breast mound, the

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15
Q

Sexual hair development

A

happens 1 year after pubic hair

happens due to exposure of hair follicles to androgens

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16
Q

Growth spurt

A

happens in females 11-12, boys 13-15

Growth is stimulated by steroid hormones (oestrogen and androgen) with epiphyseal closure ( bony ends) by oestrogen

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17
Q

Why does the first ovulation take place 6-9 months after menarche

A

Because the positive feedback mechanisms of oestrogen have not developed

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18
Q

Why do testicles enlarge

A

Leydig cells enlarge and secrete testosterone, giving rise to increased testicular size

Elongation of penis begins within a year of enlargement

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19
Q

What ages constitute as precocious puberty

A

7 yrs in girls
9 years in boys

This is usually due to a GnRH dependent problem, often due to a hypothalamic tumour

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20
Q

Delayed puberty

A

lack of appearance of the physical and hormonal signs of puberty, 13 in girls
14 in boys

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21
Q

Menopause is

A

consequence of ovaries running out of follicles

The last episode of natural menstrual bleeding signifies the end of her reproductive life and is referred to as menopause

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22
Q

How much do the oestrogen level drop compared to previous in menopause

A

about 1/10 of previous

Mostly produce oestrone

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23
Q

Perimenopausal symptoms

A

Vasomotor( Hot flush, night sweat)

Gastrourinary( Vaginal dryness)

Bone metabolism ( osteoporosis)

Behavioral changes( Depression, tension, anxiety, mental confusion, libido)

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24
Q

What is the function of the vagina

A

1) Elimination of Menstrual fluid
2) Holds spermatozoa as they pass through into the uterus
3) Forms lower portion of birth canal through which the foetus passes

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25
Q

Cervix

A

Mucus that prevents anything from passing through which only changes for the entry of sperm

The internal os is the opening to the uterus
The external os is the cervical OPENING to the vagina

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26
Q

Uterus

A

Fundus ( top of vagina), the fundal height is the top of the uterus from the pubic bone, and you can roughly tell what the gestational period is

Provides nutritional support, waste removal, and contracts to eject the fetus at birth,
it is the source of menstrual fluid

Endometrium for implantation and source of menstrual fluid

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27
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

the zone that is lost in the menstrual cycle
its increased growth is due to oestradiol

it is responsible for the secretory phase, that is driven by progesterone because this stratum is where many of the secretory glands are

28
Q

Uterine tube

A

Fimbriae, contain cilia, and they beat constantly, thereby collecting oocytes

Uterine tube have glycogen and lipids

29
Q

Whay causes the oocyte to move up the fallopian tube

A

1) peristaltic contraction, and cilia causes the stuff to move

essentially things that don’t allow the cilia to beat so well is what causes ectopic pregnancy, with things like age and smoking

30
Q

Outer ovarian cortex

A

contains ovarian follicles

31
Q

Central ovarian medulla

A

Consist of ovarian stroma and steroid producing cells

32
Q

Inner hilum

A

which acts as a point of entry for nerves and blood vessels

33
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

made of glycoprotein and contain a form of receptors

it binds with spermatozoa

34
Q

Granulosa cells

A

responsible for secretion of some stuff, it eventually forms the corona radiata and cumulus oophorus

35
Q

Theca externa

A

fibrous capsule for structure in growing follicle

36
Q

Theca interna

A

Vascular and glandular, that help produce oestradiol,

Both of the theca cells and the granulosa cells help form the corpus Luteum

37
Q

Corpus Luteum is rescued from degeneration by the

A

hCG from the embryo

38
Q

How long is the luteal phase

A

14 days, it is always 14 days

A long menstrual cycle is due to the differing time of the follicular phase

These describe the ovarian cycle

39
Q

What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle

A

1) Menstruation
2) Preovulatory
3) Ovulation
4) Postovulatory

40
Q

Assymetric meaning

A

for spermatogonia, 1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain stem cell population

41
Q

Sertoli Cells are found

A

in the seminiferous tubule and are in direct contact with spermatogonia,
ABP testosterone in testes so spermatogonia can develop even if testosterone isn’t in there

42
Q

IVF

A

oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo, requires approx 50000 motile sperm

43
Q

function of oxytocin

A

Smooth muscle contraction
Contraction of uterus in childbirth

Milk ejection
Labour

44
Q

Semen content

A

10%sperm
30%prostatic fluid
60%seminal vesicle fluid

45
Q

The pathway

A

1) Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules
2) move in the rete testis
3) epididymis
4) vas deferens

46
Q

The Ducts

A

ability to be motile and to fertilize while in the epididymis

reabsorbs liquid from around the sperm making it more concentrated

Sperm then move to the vas deferens where sperm may be stored for several months

47
Q

Vas deferens ampulla

A

site where we concentrate store of sperm

48
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Smooth muscle contraction Uterus

49
Q

Clotting protein

A

Coagulum glue sperm into female reproductive tract

50
Q

The last part of the ejaculate

A

comes from the seminal vesicles

51
Q

Milky colour

A

due to phosphate and calcium

52
Q

what do the prostate secrete

A

citrate, calcium, phosphate
PSA,
psa breaks down post ejaculation coagulum

53
Q

UTI

A

travels back to kidneys and urinary infections

54
Q

Treatments for the enlarged prostate

A

Finasteride
Dutasteride
Surgery
Prostatic urethral lift

55
Q

Erection

A

release of NO and Prostaglandin E1 causes the smooth muscle of corpora cavernosa to relax

8x the volume of blood

Engorgement of corpora reduces venous outflow adding to the engorgement

56
Q

Viagra

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle requires cGMP

phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP
viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase

57
Q

Scrotumn

A

temperature

contract to get it closer to body so testes can absorb body heat

58
Q

Blood testis barrier

A

prevents an immune response against spermatogonia which have different antigens

59
Q

Sertoli function

A

nourish, phagocytose

release sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubule but also produce fluid for sperm transport

Secrete inhibin which stops FSH from secreting

so if there is less inhibin, there would be more spematogenesis

60
Q

Symmetry

A

sperm mature at the same time, and are linked in mitosis

61
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

length 65-75 days

spermatogonia squeeze through tight junction of blood testis barrier

Primary spermatocytes replicates its DNA, then meiosis begins

Meiosis I forms secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II forms spermatid

No replication of DNA occurs in secondary spermatocytes

62
Q

Before Birth development
testosterone
dihydrotestosterone

A

Testosterone is internal genitalia

Dihydrotestosterone is external genitalia

63
Q

Sex drive is driven by

A

Androgens

and Androgens stimulate bone growth

64
Q

epididymis

A

site where sperm mature and acquire the ability to fertilise an ovum

65
Q

What are the phases called

A

Menstruation
Proliferative
Secretory

Menstrual phase
preovulatory phase
ovulation
postovulatory phase

MEDSCI142 (11 decks)

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