Neuro Flashcards
What structures constitutes the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
What structures constitutes the hindbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
What does the size of the cortical area depend on in the sensory homunculus
The number of receptors present there
Very similar with the primary motor cortex,
areas corresponding to body parts that require more skilled/complex/delicate movements tend to be bigger
What is the function of frontal eye=fields
Controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes, when reading
What are areas that are found on the dominant hemisphere only
Wernicke’s area:
Broca’s area
Exner’s Area
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri
What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus is more involved in reading
It is more involved in the eye movement and interpretting the written word
So, it has a fasciculus to connect to the frontal eyefield area so you can smoothly read
Angular gyrus
This is more involved in writing, it includes the handmovements involved in smooth writing, and
is geared up to exener’s area and has function involved in planning motor movements of the hand
Fluent aphasia
Damage to Wernicke’s, resulting in the person not being able to INTERPRET what is being heard, but they don’t make sense
This can be quite confusing with Connectional aphasia, which results in the person not being able to provide an appropriate response. They can articulate words, but cannot convery this info to Brocas
Functions of the Frontral Association cortex
IBM PC Intelligence Behavior Mood Personality Cognitive function
Functions of the paritetal association cortex
SSPCA Spatial skills 3D recognition space phaces Concepts Abstract perception
Temporal Association cortex
Mood
Aggression
Intelligence
Memory
Non-dominant hemisphere functions
Non-verbal language Emotional expression Spatial skills Conceptual understanding Artistic/musical skills
Effects of injury on the Non-dominant hemisphere
loss of non-verbal language Speech lacks emotion Spatial disorientation Inability to recognise familiar objects Lack of musical appreciation
Draw out a spine
31 paired spinal nerves Breakfast at 8( though there is 7 paired cervical vertebrae) Lunch at 12 ( thoracic) Dinner at 5 ( both lumbar and sacral) Porn at 1 ( Cocyx
n.b the plexi
N.b all of these spinal nerves are above the the Conus Medullaris, and form sacral
What kind of neurons are the first order neurons for the sensation pathways
Pseudounipolar
Not to be confused, if it asks what kind of receptor, you answer encapsulated
Meisner’s corpuscle for touch yo
Speed of the somatosensory pathways
1m/s
50m/s
Pathway of Discriminative sensation pathway ( Medial lemniscus
1) Terminates at Gracile/cuneate nuclei
2) Decussates at the opposite side via internal arcuate fibres found in the medulla’s medial lemniscal pathway
terminates at ventro-posteriolateral nuclei of the thalamus
3rd Neuron travels into the internal capsule and up towards the primary somatosensory cortex
Pathway of non-discriminative (lateral spinothalamic pathway)
1) 1st Neuron enters dorsal root, and terminates dorsal grey horn through the tract of lissauer
2nd Neuron decussates at the Anterior white commisure and travels to the Ventral funiculus and goes upwards
3rd Neuron travels to the internal capsule towards primary somatosensory cortex
What component of the basal ganglia is not in the forebrain
The substantia nigra
Cerebellum function
Co-ordinate, terminate and plan movements.
Maintain posture and balance
Adjusts movements to account for discrepancies between planned and actual movements
Basal Ganglia
Initiation of movements, Fine motor control and expression of mood through mvt
Spastic paralysis symptoms
Increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes, decreased fine motor control
Flaccid paralysis
No reflexes, muscle tone, fine motor control, muscle wasting
Basal ganglia lesions
Tremors Rigidity Hypokinesia Difficulty in initiation of movement Lack of fine motor control
Cerebellar system
1) Ataxia-unco-ordinated movements
2) Loss of balance and unconscious movements
3) Difficulty in terminating movements and maintaining posture
Difficulty in achieving ballistic movements
Deep-brain stimulation
involves inserting a pacemaker just behind the globus pallidus or above the sub-thalamic nucleus and altering the frequency
Pallidotomy
Tsevering the inhibitory neural pathway from the GP to the VA/VL of the thalamus
thalamotomy tooo
To reduce the impact of GABA firing onto the neuron traversing from the thalamus back to cereral cortex
Dopamine replacement
L-DOPA.
pass through blood-brain barrier and enter the substantia nigra pars compacta where it is converted to dopamine
8-10 years before wearing off and rendering the patient unable to control symptoms
Drug is administered in doeses
this can lead to fluctuations of symptoms between parkinsons and schizophrenia where one suffers hallucination, hyperkinesia, depression
Dura Mater
thick/strong layer made of dense irregular tissue
arachnoid mater
avascular, thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers
Pia Mater
contains many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains shock absorbing CSF
Cervical plexus
c1-c5
Brachial plexus
C5-T1
SEGMENTATION due to
intervertebral discs
Dermatome
The skin carry nerve impulses from the spine and brain
On the thoracic nerves, dermatomes are regularly shaped and overlaped
So little loss of information if a single has been damaged
CSF
Mechanical protection, shock absorbing medium
that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord
Homeostatic, transports pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow
Circulation , medium for minor exchange of nutrients and wastes
Dura mater brain
1) periosteal
meningeal
Tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebellum and cerebrum
Medulla
contains all sensory tracts/motor tracts
the CV centre
The respiratory centre
Pons
nuclei and tracts that connect parts of thge cerebllum
The Pontine nuclei lies a white matter tract that plays an essential role in co-ordinating and maximising the efficiency of voluntary motor output throughout the body
The pons also has a respiritory centre
Midbrain
superior inferior colliculi
Cerebral aqueduct
Substantia nigra
Cerebellum
may have a role in processing sensory information
Ataxia is the loss of ability to co-ordinate musclular movement
changed speech behavior unco-ordinated sppech pattern
