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MEDSCI142 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What structures constitutes the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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2
Q

What structures constitutes the hindbrain

A

Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum

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3
Q

What does the size of the cortical area depend on in the sensory homunculus

A

The number of receptors present there

Very similar with the primary motor cortex,
areas corresponding to body parts that require more skilled/complex/delicate movements tend to be bigger

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4
Q

What is the function of frontal eye=fields

A

Controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes, when reading

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5
Q

What are areas that are found on the dominant hemisphere only

A

Wernicke’s area:
Broca’s area
Exner’s Area
Supramarginal and Angular Gyri

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6
Q

What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus

A

Supramarginal gyrus is more involved in reading
It is more involved in the eye movement and interpretting the written word

So, it has a fasciculus to connect to the frontal eyefield area so you can smoothly read

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7
Q

Angular gyrus

A

This is more involved in writing, it includes the handmovements involved in smooth writing, and
is geared up to exener’s area and has function involved in planning motor movements of the hand

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8
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Damage to Wernicke’s, resulting in the person not being able to INTERPRET what is being heard, but they don’t make sense

This can be quite confusing with Connectional aphasia, which results in the person not being able to provide an appropriate response. They can articulate words, but cannot convery this info to Brocas

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9
Q

Functions of the Frontral Association cortex

A 
IBM PC
Intelligence
Behavior
Mood
Personality
Cognitive function
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10
Q

Functions of the paritetal association cortex

A 
SSPCA
Spatial skills
3D recognition
space
phaces
Concepts
Abstract perception
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11
Q

Temporal Association cortex

A

Mood
Aggression
Intelligence
Memory

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12
Q

Non-dominant hemisphere functions

A 
Non-verbal language
Emotional expression
Spatial skills
Conceptual understanding
Artistic/musical skills
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13
Q

Effects of injury on the Non-dominant hemisphere

A 
loss of non-verbal language
Speech lacks emotion
Spatial disorientation
Inability to recognise familiar objects
Lack of musical appreciation
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14
Q

Draw out a spine

A 
31 paired spinal nerves
Breakfast at 8( though there is 7 paired cervical vertebrae)
Lunch at 12 ( thoracic)
Dinner at 5 ( both lumbar and sacral)
Porn at 1 ( Cocyx

n.b the plexi

N.b all of these spinal nerves are above the the Conus Medullaris, and form sacral

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15
Q

What kind of neurons are the first order neurons for the sensation pathways

A

Pseudounipolar
Not to be confused, if it asks what kind of receptor, you answer encapsulated

Meisner’s corpuscle for touch yo

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16
Q

Speed of the somatosensory pathways

A

1m/s

50m/s

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17
Q

Pathway of Discriminative sensation pathway ( Medial lemniscus

A

1) Terminates at Gracile/cuneate nuclei
2) Decussates at the opposite side via internal arcuate fibres found in the medulla’s medial lemniscal pathway
terminates at ventro-posteriolateral nuclei of the thalamus

3rd Neuron travels into the internal capsule and up towards the primary somatosensory cortex

18
Q

Pathway of non-discriminative (lateral spinothalamic pathway)

A

1) 1st Neuron enters dorsal root, and terminates dorsal grey horn through the tract of lissauer

2nd Neuron decussates at the Anterior white commisure and travels to the Ventral funiculus and goes upwards

3rd Neuron travels to the internal capsule towards primary somatosensory cortex

19
Q

What component of the basal ganglia is not in the forebrain

A

The substantia nigra

20
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Co-ordinate, terminate and plan movements.
Maintain posture and balance

Adjusts movements to account for discrepancies between planned and actual movements

21
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Initiation of movements, Fine motor control and expression of mood through mvt

22
Q

Spastic paralysis symptoms

A

Increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes, decreased fine motor control

23
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

No reflexes, muscle tone, fine motor control, muscle wasting

24
Q

Basal ganglia lesions

A 
Tremors
Rigidity
Hypokinesia
Difficulty in initiation of movement
Lack of fine motor control
25
Q

Cerebellar system

A

1) Ataxia-unco-ordinated movements
2) Loss of balance and unconscious movements
3) Difficulty in terminating movements and maintaining posture
Difficulty in achieving ballistic movements

26
Q

Deep-brain stimulation

A

involves inserting a pacemaker just behind the globus pallidus or above the sub-thalamic nucleus and altering the frequency

27
Q

Pallidotomy

A

Tsevering the inhibitory neural pathway from the GP to the VA/VL of the thalamus
thalamotomy tooo

To reduce the impact of GABA firing onto the neuron traversing from the thalamus back to cereral cortex

28
Q

Dopamine replacement

A

L-DOPA.
pass through blood-brain barrier and enter the substantia nigra pars compacta where it is converted to dopamine

8-10 years before wearing off and rendering the patient unable to control symptoms

Drug is administered in doeses

this can lead to fluctuations of symptoms between parkinsons and schizophrenia where one suffers hallucination, hyperkinesia, depression

29
Q

Dura Mater

A

thick/strong layer made of dense irregular tissue

30
Q

arachnoid mater

A

avascular, thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers

31
Q

Pia Mater

A

contains many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains shock absorbing CSF

32
Q

Cervical plexus

A

c1-c5

33
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

34
Q

SEGMENTATION due to

A

intervertebral discs

35
Q

Dermatome

A

The skin carry nerve impulses from the spine and brain

On the thoracic nerves, dermatomes are regularly shaped and overlaped

So little loss of information if a single has been damaged

36
Q

CSF

A

Mechanical protection, shock absorbing medium
that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord

Homeostatic, transports pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow

Circulation , medium for minor exchange of nutrients and wastes

37
Q

Dura mater brain

A

1) periosteal

meningeal

38
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebellum and cerebrum

39
Q

Medulla

A

contains all sensory tracts/motor tracts

the CV centre

The respiratory centre

40
Q

Pons

A

nuclei and tracts that connect parts of thge cerebllum

The Pontine nuclei lies a white matter tract that plays an essential role in co-ordinating and maximising the efficiency of voluntary motor output throughout the body
The pons also has a respiritory centre

41
Q

Midbrain

A

superior inferior colliculi
Cerebral aqueduct

Substantia nigra

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

may have a role in processing sensory information

Ataxia is the loss of ability to co-ordinate musclular movement
changed speech behavior unco-ordinated sppech pattern

MEDSCI142 (11 decks)

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