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MEDSCI142 > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the carrying capacity of Haemoglobin

A

200mls of oxygen per litre of blood

1g of Hb can transport 1.39ml oxygen when fully saturated

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2
Q

Why is it important to have haemoglobin concentrated in the RBC

A

To reduce viscocity of the blood

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3
Q

Why is Haemoglobin affinity significant

A

Higher affinity at higher pO2s encourages O2 uptake at the lungs

and lower pO2s at the low concentrations encourages dissociation,

this is because of the hydrogen ions

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4
Q

What is the symbol for oxyhaemoglobin

A

This has to be a fully oxygenated haemoglobin,
so it’s Hb4O8

nothing else counts as oxyhaemoglobin

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5
Q

DPG

A

is a metabolic product, that increases CO, which increases the leftshift of the graph

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6
Q

Myoglobin

A

stores oxygen at the skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Where does carbon dioxide bind to a protein

A

at the amine groups

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8
Q

How many times more soluble is CO2 than oxygen

A

well, 20 times

and 25 times are both acceptable

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9
Q

Roughly including the byproducts of CO2, how much CO2 is transported in RBC, and how much CO2 is transported in plasma

A

30% in RBC

70% in plasma

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10
Q

What is the difference between rapidly formed bicarbonate and slowly formed bicarbonate

A

rapidly formed is with an enzyme (20%) in RBC

it diffuses out, forming a 60% of CO2 in the plasma

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11
Q

n.b, write an equation on how a carbamino protein is formed and note the significance

A

CO2+R-NH2=
RNHCOO-+H+

N.B, this forms a hydrogen ion that can change the oxygen affinity,
and increase the uptake of CO2 through HHb

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12
Q

Haemoglobin facts on why Haemoglobin is the main protein that binds to CO2

A

There is 4 times more haemoglobin than other plasma protein

Hb has a greater affinity for CO2 than other plasma proteins

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13
Q

What is another function of Haemoglobin

A

it acts as a buffer, in it’s formation of HHb

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14
Q

CO2 dissociation curve

A

depends on PCO2

There is no saturation as CO2 is very soluble in plasma

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15
Q

Hypercapnia
Hypocapnia
Apnoea
dyspnoea

A

Hypercapnia is high CO2
Hypocapnia is low CO2 levels

Apnoea is no breathing

Dyspnoea is sensation of breathlessness

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16
Q

What happens when you hyperventilate too much

A

You will become Hypocapnic
Then you might faint

because CO2 levels often regulate the level of blood flow to the brain

Cerebral arteries constrict

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17
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid goes into sinus nerve

which goes into the glossopharyngeal nerve to the medulla oblongata

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18
Q

How are peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated

A

Carotid ones can do pO2, pH and pCO2

And essentially, hypoxia
hypercapnia
hemorrange
acidosis
increased sympathetic activty

and sodium cyanide are all possibile stimuli

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19
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptors

A

are reflex chemoreceptors, and the experimental method is getting people to breathe nitrogen bags

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20
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

These are 3 chemoreceptors found at the VENTRAL surface of the medulla oblongata

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21
Q

Why do central chemoreceptors take so bloody long to respond

A

Because it detects H+ in the brain extracellular fluid

The limited Carbonic anydrase in the brain cerebrospinal fluid really limites the speed

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22
Q

Ondine’s curse

A

no central chemoreceptors, you tend to hold your breath for longer because of the insensitivity to O2.

this may get your PaO2 to extremely low levels, that causes apnoea, due to you stopping ventilation

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23
Q

What is the number of Alveoli

A

300million

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24
Q

What is the systolic pulmonary/diastolic pulmonary ratio

A

22/10

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25
Q

What is the systemic systolic/diastolic ratio and mean

A

120/80 mean 93

calculated as
DP+1/3(SP-DP_

26
Q

wHEN does the blood stop being pulsatile in pulmonary

A

capillaries

27
Q

What are the pillars in the car park

A

interstitium

28
Q

Why is it low pressure system

A

Mainly to decrease oedema, but also has functions of increasing the time for diffusion

29
Q

What is a reason why exercise increases oxygen uptake

A

Blood pressure increases, so more oxygen can flow up to the apex of the lungs

30
Q

What is the PaO2 at the apex and base

A

140mmHg at the apex

30 at the base

31
Q

Haldane effect reason

A

HHb is more basic, so it binds with CO2 much better, this is why it helps with the loading of CO2

IT IS DEFINED AS THE DEOXYGENATION OF BLOOD INCREASES, IT’S ABILITY TO CARRY co2 INCREASES. tHIS IS BECAUSE LOW OXYGEN content triggers the floowing equilibrium to shift to the right

H+HbO2=HHb+O2

and likewise increased CO2 means increased H2CO3=more H+

32
Q

Medullary respiratory centre

A

generation of the respiratory rhythm

1) inspiration
2) expiration

Pons-switch off inspiration, thus regulating inspiration volume and acts as a secondary respiratory centre

1) rhythm
2) pons and medulla
3) receive input from chemoreceptors, lungs and other
4) Output to the phrenic nerves

Cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus can also help with controlling breathing

33
Q

Aortic chemoreceptors

A

blood oxygen and CO2 but not pH

34
Q

What is the peripheral chemoreceptors completely responsible for

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors are completely responsible for all the increase in ventilation that occurs in response to arterial hypoxemia

35
Q

Hering breuer reflex

A

Lung stretch receptors stimulated
Vagal afferent activated
goes to medulla oblongata
sympathetic efferent goes into the bronchioles bronchodilate the sodium beta adrenoceptor

36
Q

Emphysema

A

A person with emphysema typically has a positive intrapleural pressure during exhalation

The airsacs rupture
elasticity of stuff fucked

the vacuum is decreased probably due to decreased elasticity

37
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic inflammation of bronchial tree

causes overproduction of mucus and mucus sometimes accumulate

This can lead to pulmonary constriction, hence pulmonary hypertension

and insufficient blood supply

38
Q

Hypoxia and Hypotension

A

1) disease condition leads to right heart failure=>this leads to insufficient pressure gradient
2) This leads to pulmonary constriction leading to pulmonary hypertension
3) Insufficient blood supply leads to systenic hypoxia

1) Disease condition leads to low PO2 in alveoli
2) Constriction of blood vessel supplying alveoli with low PO2 leads to pulmonary hypertension
3) Pulmonary hypertension eventually leads to right heart failure

39
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of lung airways, and restricts air from reaching alveoli

diffusion gradient limited by the distance

40
Q

Salbutamol

A

a beta adrenoreceptor agonist

41
Q

Why is it more dangerous to have an infection at the respiratory area

A

Because it is closer to the blood vessels

42
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

43
Q

Why does smoking lead to accumulation of mucus

A

Cilia are inhibited by tar

44
Q

Mucoserous glands

A

They are found in the submucosal layer and secretes both serous fluid and mucus, and are found only in the nasal cavity

45
Q

What causes resonance to vocalisations

A

The hollow sinus

46
Q

Nasopharynx

A

superior region of pharynx interfacing with the nasal cavity. The inferior boundary is demarcated by the soft palate

47
Q

Oropharynx

A

middle region of the pharynx that conducts both air and food

48
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Inferior region of the pharynx between the larynx and epiglottis.

Also conducts both air and food.

Both oropharynx and larynpharynx are lined with squamous non-keratinised epithelium to resist the abrasion caused by food

49
Q

Describe the process of ingestion

A

epiglottis is an elastic cartilage structure, which during swallowing closes to shunt the bolus into the oesophagus. The soft palate also closes off the entry to the nasopharynx

Entry of food can disrupt the delicate psudostratified epithelium

50
Q

Which generation does the respiratory zone begin?

A

20-23

51
Q

which generation does the bronchioles of the conducting zone occupy excluding terminal

A

10-15

52
Q

Which generation do terminal bronchioles occupy

A

16-19

53
Q

What is the muscle in the trachea

A

The trachealis, it allows for the narrowing of the trachea, and distendable, so it accommodates the oesophagus when it expands during swallowing

54
Q

Club cells

A

watery substance that hydrates the epithelium and contains antimicrobial enzymes

55
Q

role of smooth muscle in bronchioles

A

It is critical for controlling lumen diameter, as a means to regulate the intake of air by controlling the tone of the airway

56
Q

What are type 1 cells called

A

squamous pneumocytes, very thin cells, and

it is 0.5 uM THICK

57
Q

How is the capillary endothelium and the common elastic basement membrane made?

A

It is produced by fibroblasts

58
Q

Number of segments of each lung

A

8 on the left

10 on the right

59
Q

Why is neural rhythm important

A

ensures that inspiratory and expiratory effectors are not activated simultaneously so increase/decrease in lung pressure is achieved

60
Q

Where are the stretch activated

mechanoreceptirs

A

They are activated by stretching caused by radial traction during inspiration

61
Q

How is low pressure achieved during the branching of the pulmonary arterioles

A

it increases CSA and lowers resistance. This reduces the pulsatility of the pressure to give uniform, low pressure blood flow

MEDSCI142 (11 decks)

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