Reproduction Flashcards
What are the two forms of reproduction?
- Sexual reproduction
- Asexual reproduction
What is sexual reproduction?
Jointing of male and female gametes
What does sexual reproduction lead to?
A variety in offspring
What happens in asexual reproduction?
No fusion of gametes, and only 1 parent is needed
What does asexual reproduction lead to?
There is no mixture of genetic information, so no genetic variation
When are plants genetically identical to their parent?
When they are produced from cuttings
What are the modern cloning techniques?
- Tissue culture
- Embryo transplants
- Adult Cell Cloning
What is tissue culture?
Using small groups of cells from part of a plant and using auxins to stimulate cell growth
What is an embryo transplant?
Splitting cells from a developing embryo before they become specialised
Then transplanting the identical embryos into host mother
What is adult cell cloning?
- Replacing the nucleus of an unfertilised egg with the nucleus of the body cell of another individual
- Shocking the cell to start dividing
- When the embryo develops into a ball of s it is put into the womb of a host mother
What happens to genes in genetic engineering?
Genes from the chromosomes can be ‘cut out’
How are the chromosomes cut out?
Using enzymes and then transferred to cells of other organisms
What can also happen to the genes?
They can be transferred to the cells of animals, plants or microorganisms
When does this take place?
At an early stage in development so that they develop with the desired characteristics
What are the desired characteristics?
- New genes can be transferred to crop plants
- Crops that have modified genes in this was are called GM crops
- GM crops show increased yield
