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Biology Unit 1 > Keep healthy, defending against infections > Flashcards

Keep healthy, defending against infections Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two things do you need for the body to be healthy?

A

Balanced diet

Regular exercise

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2
Q

What can be used to prevent infection?

A

Vaccination

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3
Q

What is a ‘healthy diet’?

A

The right balance of food and the right amount of energy

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4
Q

What do, carbohydrates, fats and proteins do?

A

Release energy

Build cells

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5
Q

What helps build cells and release energy

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

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6
Q

Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in what amounts and what for?

A

Small amounts for healthy functioning

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7
Q

What are needed for healthy functioning in small amounts?

A

Mineral ions

Vitamins

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8
Q

If a person doesn’t have a balanced diet they are …

A

Malnourished

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9
Q

What can being malnourished lead to?

A

A person being over or underweight

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10
Q

What else can an unbalanced diet lead to?

A

Deficiency diseases

Type 2 diabetes

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11
Q

Why could person lose mass?

A

If the amount of energy taken in is less than the amount of energy expanded (given) out

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12
Q

Energy ……. the energy expanded by the body

A

Increases

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13
Q

What is a metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which all the chemical reactions take place

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14
Q

The rate at which all reactions take place is called the ………

A

Metabolic rate

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15
Q

What does the metabolic rate vary with?

A

The amount of activity done

The proportion of muscle to fat in the body

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16
Q

What also affect health such as cholesterol levels?

A

Inherited factors

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17
Q

What do inherited factors do?

A

Affect health such as cholesterol levels

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18
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

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19
Q

What are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases?

A

Pathogens

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20
Q

Bacteria and viruses may ……. rapidly and produce …… which could make us ….. …

A

Reproduce
Poisons
Feel ill

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21
Q

What caused us to feel ill by producing poisons and reproducing rapidly?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

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22
Q

What do viruses do to cells that they reproduce in?

A

Damage them

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23
Q

What damages cells that they reproduce in?

A

Viruses

24
Q

What do white blood cells do? (3 things)

A

Engulf and digest (ingest) pathogens
Produce antibodies
Products antitoxins

25
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Destroy certain bacteria and viruses

26
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Counteract toxins released by pathogens

27
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen

28
Q

How does the body get immunity of a pathogen?

A

By the immune system producing specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen

29
Q

What can stimulate antibody productions?

A

Dead or inactivated pathogens

30
Q

What happens if a large potion of the population is immune to a pathogen?

A

The spread of the pathogen is reduced

31
Q

Who recognised the importance of washing hands?

A

Semmelweiss

32
Q

What happened when doctors started washing hands before examining patients?

A

The number of deaths by infectious diseases is reduced

33
Q

What do some medicines (including painkillers) do and not do?

A

Only reduce symptoms but not kill the pathogen

34
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Help cure bacterial diseases by killing infectious bacteria inside the body

35
Q

What can’t antibiotics do and why?

A

They can’t kill viral pathogens because they live and reproduce inside cells

36
Q

What happens with overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics?

A

They increase the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

37
Q

What produces new strains of pathogens?

A

Mutations

38
Q

What do new strains of pathogens mean for antibiotics and vaccinations?

A

They may no longer be effective against new strains

39
Q

What happens to new strains and why?

A

They spread rapidly as people are not immune to them and there is no effective treatment

40
Q

Why have many strains of bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics?

A

Natural selection

41
Q

How to prevent further resistance?

A

Avoid overuse of antibiotics

42
Q

What can antibiotics kill?

A

Individual pathogens of the non resistant strain

43
Q

What happens to individual resistant pathogens?

A

They survive and reproduce so the populations of the resistant strain increases

44
Q

Why are antibiotics no longer used to treat mild infections?

A

So the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down

45
Q

What does the development of new resistant strains of bacteria mean?

A

The development of new antibiotics is necessary

46
Q

How can people be immunised?

A

By introducing SMALL quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen (vaccination)

47
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies

48
Q

What do the antibodies produced by white blood cells do?

A

Make the person immune to future infections by microorganisms

49
Q

The body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody…

A

In the same way as if the body had already had the pathogen

50
Q

What is an MMR vaccine used for?

A

To protect children against measles, mumps and rubella

51
Q

What must be done the Petri dishes and culture media before investigations take place?

A

They must be sterilised to kill any unwanted microorganisms

52
Q

What must be done to inoculating loops before investigations take place?

A

Must be sterilised by passing them through a flame

53
Q

What must happen to the lid of the Petri dish before investigations take place?

A

It should be secured with tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture

54
Q

What is the temperature cultures should be kept at in schools and why?

A

Maximum 25 degrees to reduce the likelihood of growth of pathogens which can be harmful to humans

55
Q

What happens if the temperature of cultures is kept at higher than 25 degrees?

A

Cultures can produce more rapid growth

Biology Unit 1 (13 decks)

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