Keep healthy, defending against infections

Question 1

What two things do you need for the body to be healthy?

Answer 1

Balanced diet

Regular exercise

Question 2

What can be used to prevent infection?

Answer 2

Vaccination

Question 3

What is a ‘healthy diet’?

Answer 3

The right balance of food and the right amount of energy

Question 4

What do, carbohydrates, fats and proteins do?

Answer 4

Release energy

Build cells

Question 5

What helps build cells and release energy

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

Question 6

Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in what amounts and what for?

Answer 6

Small amounts for healthy functioning

Question 7

What are needed for healthy functioning in small amounts?

Answer 7

Mineral ions

Vitamins

Question 8

If a person doesn’t have a balanced diet they are …

Answer 8

Malnourished

Question 9

What can being malnourished lead to?

Answer 9

A person being over or underweight

Question 10

What else can an unbalanced diet lead to?

Answer 10

Deficiency diseases

Type 2 diabetes

Question 11

Why could person lose mass?

Answer 11

If the amount of energy taken in is less than the amount of energy expanded (given) out

Question 12

Energy ……. the energy expanded by the body

Answer 12

Increases

Question 13

What is a metabolic rate?

Answer 13

The rate at which all the chemical reactions take place

Question 14

The rate at which all reactions take place is called the ………

Answer 14

Metabolic rate

Question 15

What does the metabolic rate vary with?

Answer 15

The amount of activity done

The proportion of muscle to fat in the body

Question 16

What also affect health such as cholesterol levels?

Answer 16

Inherited factors

Question 17

What do inherited factors do?

Answer 17

Affect health such as cholesterol levels

Question 18

What are pathogens

Answer 18

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

Question 19

What are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases?

Answer 19

Pathogens

Question 20

Bacteria and viruses may ……. rapidly and produce …… which could make us ….. …

Answer 20

Reproduce
Poisons
Feel ill

Question 21

What caused us to feel ill by producing poisons and reproducing rapidly?

Answer 21

Bacteria

Viruses

Question 22

What do viruses do to cells that they reproduce in?

Answer 22

Damage them

Question 23

What damages cells that they reproduce in?

Answer 23

Viruses

Question 24

What do white blood cells do? (3 things)

Answer 24

Engulf and digest (ingest) pathogens
Produce antibodies
Products antitoxins

Question 25

What do antibodies do?

Answer 25

Destroy certain bacteria and viruses

Question 26

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 26

Counteract toxins released by pathogens

Question 27

What does the immune system do?

Answer 27

Produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen

Question 28

How does the body get immunity of a pathogen?

Answer 28

By the immune system producing specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen

Question 29

What can stimulate antibody productions?

Answer 29

Dead or inactivated pathogens

Question 30

What happens if a large potion of the population is immune to a pathogen?

Answer 30

The spread of the pathogen is reduced

Question 31

Who recognised the importance of washing hands?

Answer 31

Semmelweiss

Question 32

What happened when doctors started washing hands before examining patients?

Answer 32

The number of deaths by infectious diseases is reduced

Question 33

What do some medicines (including painkillers) do and not do?

Answer 33

Only reduce symptoms but not kill the pathogen

Question 34

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 34

Help cure bacterial diseases by killing infectious bacteria inside the body

Question 35

What can't antibiotics do and why?

Answer 35

They can't kill viral pathogens because they live and reproduce inside cells

Question 36

What happens with overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics?

Answer 36

They increase the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

Question 37

What produces new strains of pathogens?

Answer 37

Mutations

Question 38

What do new strains of pathogens mean for antibiotics and vaccinations?

Answer 38

They may no longer be effective against new strains

Question 39

What happens to new strains and why?

Answer 39

They spread rapidly as people are not immune to them and there is no effective treatment

Question 40

Why have many strains of bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 40

Natural selection

Question 41

How to prevent further resistance?

Answer 41

Avoid overuse of antibiotics

Question 42

What can antibiotics kill?

Answer 42

Individual pathogens of the non resistant strain

Question 43

What happens to individual resistant pathogens?

Answer 43

They survive and reproduce so the populations of the resistant strain increases

Question 44

Why are antibiotics no longer used to treat mild infections?

Answer 44

So the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down

Question 45

What does the development of new resistant strains of bacteria mean?

Answer 45

The development of new antibiotics is necessary

Question 46

How can people be immunised?

Answer 46

By introducing SMALL quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen (vaccination)

Question 47

What do vaccines do?

Answer 47

Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies

Question 48

What do the antibodies produced by white blood cells do?

Answer 48

Make the person immune to future infections by microorganisms

Question 49

The body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody...

Answer 49

In the same way as if the body had already had the pathogen

Question 50

What is an MMR vaccine used for?

Answer 50

To protect children against measles, mumps and rubella

Question 51

What must be done the Petri dishes and culture media before investigations take place?

Answer 51

They must be sterilised to kill any unwanted microorganisms

Question 52

What must be done to inoculating loops before investigations take place?

Answer 52

Must be sterilised by passing them through a flame

Question 53

What must happen to the lid of the Petri dish before investigations take place?

Answer 53

It should be secured with tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture

Question 54

What is the temperature cultures should be kept at in schools and why?

Answer 54

Maximum 25 degrees to reduce the likelihood of growth of pathogens which can be harmful to humans

Question 55

What happens if the temperature of cultures is kept at higher than 25 degrees?

Answer 55

Cultures can produce more rapid growth