Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems PATH > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of hermaphroditism?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

  • XO/XXX - Ovarian dysgenesis/ hypoplasia/ immature
  • XXY - Testicular hypoplasia, torty cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mullerian duct

A

Embryonic uterine horn - the paramesonephric duct in the male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Wolffian duct

A

Ductus deferens - the mesonephric duct in the female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a true hermaphrodite

A

Possesses both sets of gonads - may be bilateral, unilateral (with an ovotestis structure) or lateral (one ovary, one testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

Gonads of one sex but the external features of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Free martinism

Grossly, cause

A

Due to humoral alteration of the female within a heterosexual twin set sharing placental blood

Leads to hypoplasia of the ovaries and hypoplastic vulva in the female twin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does intrafollicular haemorrhage occur?

When might traumatic haemorrhage occur in the ovary?

A

Ovulation

Traumatic corpus luteum rupture (or cysts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of hermaphrodite is shown here?

A

Unilateral true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of hermaphrodite is shown here?

A

Pseudo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is shown here?

A

Ovarian hypoplasia due to free martinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A

Intrafollicular haemorrhage secondary to traumatic enucleation of an ovarian cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Focal enlargement of the ovary with surrounding haemorrhage. The ovary is oozing a creamy white thick exudate (suppuration). Surrounding tissues seem enlarged.

Acute focal moderate to severe suppurative ovaritis

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does chronic ovarian inflammation result in reduced fertility?

A

Leads to adhesions in the uterine tube - follicle cannot pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A

Paraovarian cysts - sit adjacent to the oviduct

Remnant of the Wolffian ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three different types of ovarian cysts which can been found?

A
  1. Follicular cysts - undeveloped follicles - may secrete oestrogen (persistent bulling)
  2. Luteal cysts - lutinised anovulatory follicles - produce progesterone (anoestrus)
  3. Cystic CL - premature closure of the ovulation site - not clinically significant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The ovarian architecture is disrupted by multifocal distinct cystic structures (2x2cm) which are filled with transluscent red-yellow fluid.

Chronic multifocal moderate to severe polycystic ovarian disease

Follicular cysts - likely to lead to persistent bulling in the cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cystadenoma

A

Cystic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Highly invasive, disrupts the entire architecture of the ovary. Multifocally haemorrhagic. Non-encapsulated. Invasive

Ovarian (papillary) cystadenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What types of hormone may be secreted by granulosa cell tumours?

A

Progesterone

Oestrodiol

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe this lesion found in a mare with persistent oestrus behaviour

A

The ovary is diffusely enlarged and on the cut surface it can be seen that the normal architecture is diffusely disrupted by infiltrative cystic structures containing clear exudative type fluid. Cysts range from 0.5-1cm in diameter. An area of focal haemorrhage is seen on the ovarian surface.

Ovarian granulosa cell tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe this ovarian tumour.

A

Well differentiated cells, cystic structures filled with amorphous haemorrhagic exudate.

Little pleomorphism and mitosis seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Ovarian architecture is diffusely disrupted by a large (4x4cm) oval mass which is un-encapsulated and well-demarcated. Space occupying.

Histologically cells appear round with large nuclei and lots of mitoses are seen.

Ovarian dysgerminoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A tumour which arises from multipotential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers (ectoderm, mesoderm + endoderm).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is this?

A

Teratoma!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

Clear fluid within uterine tubes due to obstruction, inflammation or congenital defect

26
Q

What is shown here?

What can cause it?

A

Uterine torsion

Caused by foetal movement and relaxed bands

Leads to venous occlusion, infarction and necrosis

27
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Uterine prolapse secondary to hypocalcaemia/ dystocia - can lead to rupture (bleeds out via middle uterine artery)

28
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by what?

A

Excess hormone stimulation:

  1. Oestrogen mediated - LA
    1. Prolonged oestrogen stimulation
    2. Other source of oestrogen - tumour
    3. Signs: myometrial/endometrial hyperplasia, distension and adenomatosis
  2. Progesterone mediated - SA/EQ
    1. CL fails to regress - bitch
    2. PGF2a not produced - horse
    3. Signs: diffuse cystic nodules
29
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Progesterone induced in the bitch

30
Q

How can the non-gravid uterus become infected?

A

Ascending infection - AI, post-partum, venereal

Haematogenous

31
Q

Endometritis

A

Within the uterus (epithelium)

32
Q

Metritis

A

Myometrium involved

33
Q

Panmetritis

A

Throughout the uterus

34
Q

Perimetritis

A

Next to the uterus

35
Q

Which pathogens may be expected to be isolated in a post-partum heifer due to ascending infection?

A

E. coli

Archanobacterium pyogenes

Streps - beta haemolytic

Kleibsiella

F. necrophorum

ENVIRONMENTAL

36
Q

Name three pathogens which may be expected to cause inflammation of the non-gravid uterus

A
  • BHV1 - IBR
  • Campy fetus venerealis
  • Brucella abortus
  • M. tuberculosis
  • Tritrichimonas
  • Mycotic
  • Taylorella equigenitalis - CEM
37
Q

What sequelae may be expected with infection of the non-gravid uterus?

A
  • Septicaemia/ toxaemia
  • Pyaemia
  • Metritis
  • Pyometra
  • Ascending infection - salpingitis, renal involvement
38
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The uterus of this bitch shows diffuse enlargement. The lumen is filled with a brown fluid. Areas of multifocal haemorrhage of the surrounding tissues. The endometrium also shows multifocal to coelescing nodular enlargement. Nodules are soft to touch - cystic?

Acute diffuse severe suppurative endometritis and pyometra

Causes: in the bitch e.coli or streps/staphs

39
Q

What pathogens may cause pyometra in the cow?

What pathogenisis leads to this type of lesion?

A

A. pyogenes, E.coli, streps etc

Pathogenesis -

  • Failed PGF2a stimulation leads to a persistent CL
  • Continued P4 levels increase glandular secretion
  • Myometrial contraction decreases
  • The cervix may close
  • Bacteria multiply!
40
Q

What pathogens may cause pyometra in the mare?

A

Strep zooepidemicus

E.coli

Pseudomonas

Klebsiella

Pasteurella

41
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Focally extensive, the uterine surface is brown in colour, apears dry in texture. Foetus is dead also covered in thick brown suppurative material. Other side of uterus appears haemorrhagic and hyperplastic.

Chronic focal severe necrotising metritis

42
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Multifocal space occupying lesions of the uterine wall

Histologically appears as streams of myocytes

Uterine leiomyoma

43
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Locally invasive, unencapsulated white masses protruding into the uterine lumen.

Histologically appears as aggregations of glandular tissue

Uterine adenocarcinoma

44
Q

Differentiate between:

  1. Early embryonic death
  2. Abortion
  3. Stillbirth
A
  1. Lethal chromosomal abnormality - resumes cycling
  2. Expulsion of the foetus before it could survive
  3. Expulsion of the foetus at an age it could survive
45
Q

Describe this carcass.

A

Dessicated (skin tightly adhered to skeletal structure), brown discolouration, leathery

Occurs in the abscence of interuterine infection (emphysema with)

46
Q

Describe this carcass

A

Maceration (softening of a carcass) - caused by campy tritrichimonas

Due to interuterine infection

47
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Empysematous calf - putrifactive, gas forming bacteria

Forms in the presence of interuterine infection

48
Q

Hydrallantois/ hydramnion

A

Aka hydrops

Excess fluid within the amniotic/allantoic cavity

49
Q

What can predispose the gravid uterus to infection?

A

By the haematogenous route!

Progesterone secretion

Chorionic epithelium secretions

Immun-priviledged site

50
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Intercotyledonary thickening, cotyledons appear reddened with the edges appearing friable and brown discolouration (thick)

Foetus appears oedematous

Chronic diffuse severe necrotising placentitis

Brucella abortus - suis, ovis, canis

51
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Half of the placenta is browns discolouration, friable, soft. The other half shows cotyledonary haemorrhage.

Acute focally extensive severe necrotising placentitis

Campylobacter fetus venerealis

52
Q

What signs are indicative of mycotic placentitis?

A

Fungal hyphae within the foetal stomach

Necrotising placentitis

Caused by Aspergillus

53
Q

What protozoa are associated with placentitis?

A

Neospora caninum

Toxoplasma gondii

54
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Severe, acute diffuse necrotising placentisi (strawberry lesions) - small foci present on the cotyledons

Toxoplasma gondii

55
Q

What would this foetal lesion be associated with?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia - BVD

Also:

  • Cerebellar hypoplasia
  • Retinal atrophy
  • Optic neuritis
56
Q

Cause of sequential abortion in pigs.

A

Porcine parvovirus

57
Q

You find fungal hyphae in the stomach of an aborted foetus.

What aetiology would you expect?

A

Aspergillus

Causes necrotising placentitis - reaches the placenta via ascending infection or haematogenous route

58
Q

You find scattered 1-3mm white foci on a placenta of an aborted calf.

What aetiology do you expect?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

59
Q

Describe the possible routes of infection for mastitis pathogens.

A

Teat canal

Local invasiveness

Percutaneous

Haematogenous

60
Q

What factors in milk provide resistence to mastitis infection?

A

Lactoferrin

Lysozyme

Lactoperoxidase

Immunoglobulin

Neutrophils

61
Q

Name three environmental pathogens which cause mastitis in cattle.

A
  • Strep. dysgalactiae
  • Strep. uberis
  • E.coli
62
Q

Pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia

A

Increased testosterone stimulation - acts as an autocrine hormone on stromal cells and paracrine on epithelial cells.

Binds to intranuclear receptors, leads to increased growth

Systems PATH (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions