Reproduction Flashcards
What is the cause of hermaphroditism?
Chromosomal abnormalities
- XO/XXX - Ovarian dysgenesis/ hypoplasia/ immature
- XXY - Testicular hypoplasia, torty cats
Mullerian duct
Embryonic uterine horn - the paramesonephric duct in the male
Wolffian duct
Ductus deferens - the mesonephric duct in the female
What is a true hermaphrodite
Possesses both sets of gonads - may be bilateral, unilateral (with an ovotestis structure) or lateral (one ovary, one testis
What is a pseudohermaphrodite?
Gonads of one sex but the external features of the other
Free martinism
Grossly, cause
Due to humoral alteration of the female within a heterosexual twin set sharing placental blood
Leads to hypoplasia of the ovaries and hypoplastic vulva in the female twin
When does intrafollicular haemorrhage occur?
When might traumatic haemorrhage occur in the ovary?
Ovulation
Traumatic corpus luteum rupture (or cysts)
What type of hermaphrodite is shown here?
Unilateral true
What type of hermaphrodite is shown here?
Pseudo
What is shown here?
Ovarian hypoplasia due to free martinism
Intrafollicular haemorrhage secondary to traumatic enucleation of an ovarian cyst
Describe this lesion
Focal enlargement of the ovary with surrounding haemorrhage. The ovary is oozing a creamy white thick exudate (suppuration). Surrounding tissues seem enlarged.
Acute focal moderate to severe suppurative ovaritis
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Why does chronic ovarian inflammation result in reduced fertility?
Leads to adhesions in the uterine tube - follicle cannot pass through
Paraovarian cysts - sit adjacent to the oviduct
Remnant of the Wolffian ducts
What are the three different types of ovarian cysts which can been found?
- Follicular cysts - undeveloped follicles - may secrete oestrogen (persistent bulling)
- Luteal cysts - lutinised anovulatory follicles - produce progesterone (anoestrus)
- Cystic CL - premature closure of the ovulation site - not clinically significant
Describe this lesion
The ovarian architecture is disrupted by multifocal distinct cystic structures (2x2cm) which are filled with transluscent red-yellow fluid.
Chronic multifocal moderate to severe polycystic ovarian disease
Follicular cysts - likely to lead to persistent bulling in the cow
Cystadenoma
Cystic adenoma
Describe this lesion
Highly invasive, disrupts the entire architecture of the ovary. Multifocally haemorrhagic. Non-encapsulated. Invasive
Ovarian (papillary) cystadenocarcinoma
What types of hormone may be secreted by granulosa cell tumours?
Progesterone
Oestrodiol
Testosterone
Describe this lesion found in a mare with persistent oestrus behaviour
The ovary is diffusely enlarged and on the cut surface it can be seen that the normal architecture is diffusely disrupted by infiltrative cystic structures containing clear exudative type fluid. Cysts range from 0.5-1cm in diameter. An area of focal haemorrhage is seen on the ovarian surface.
Ovarian granulosa cell tumour
Describe this ovarian tumour.
Well differentiated cells, cystic structures filled with amorphous haemorrhagic exudate.
Little pleomorphism and mitosis seen
Describe this lesion
Ovarian architecture is diffusely disrupted by a large (4x4cm) oval mass which is un-encapsulated and well-demarcated. Space occupying.
Histologically cells appear round with large nuclei and lots of mitoses are seen.
Ovarian dysgerminoma
What is a teratoma?
A tumour which arises from multipotential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers (ectoderm, mesoderm + endoderm).
What is this?
Teratoma!
Hydrosalpinx
Clear fluid within uterine tubes due to obstruction, inflammation or congenital defect
What is shown here?
What can cause it?
Uterine torsion
Caused by foetal movement and relaxed bands
Leads to venous occlusion, infarction and necrosis
Describe this lesion
Uterine prolapse secondary to hypocalcaemia/ dystocia - can lead to rupture (bleeds out via middle uterine artery)
Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by what?
Excess hormone stimulation:
- Oestrogen mediated - LA
- Prolonged oestrogen stimulation
- Other source of oestrogen - tumour
- Signs: myometrial/endometrial hyperplasia, distension and adenomatosis
- Progesterone mediated - SA/EQ
- CL fails to regress - bitch
- PGF2a not produced - horse
- Signs: diffuse cystic nodules
Describe this lesion
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Progesterone induced in the bitch
How can the non-gravid uterus become infected?
Ascending infection - AI, post-partum, venereal
Haematogenous
Endometritis
Within the uterus (epithelium)
Metritis
Myometrium involved
Panmetritis
Throughout the uterus
Perimetritis
Next to the uterus
Which pathogens may be expected to be isolated in a post-partum heifer due to ascending infection?
E. coli
Archanobacterium pyogenes
Streps - beta haemolytic
Kleibsiella
F. necrophorum
ENVIRONMENTAL
Name three pathogens which may be expected to cause inflammation of the non-gravid uterus
- BHV1 - IBR
- Campy fetus venerealis
- Brucella abortus
- M. tuberculosis
- Tritrichimonas
- Mycotic
- Taylorella equigenitalis - CEM
What sequelae may be expected with infection of the non-gravid uterus?
- Septicaemia/ toxaemia
- Pyaemia
- Metritis
- Pyometra
- Ascending infection - salpingitis, renal involvement
Describe this lesion
The uterus of this bitch shows diffuse enlargement. The lumen is filled with a brown fluid. Areas of multifocal haemorrhage of the surrounding tissues. The endometrium also shows multifocal to coelescing nodular enlargement. Nodules are soft to touch - cystic?
Acute diffuse severe suppurative endometritis and pyometra
Causes: in the bitch e.coli or streps/staphs
What pathogens may cause pyometra in the cow?
What pathogenisis leads to this type of lesion?
A. pyogenes, E.coli, streps etc
Pathogenesis -
- Failed PGF2a stimulation leads to a persistent CL
- Continued P4 levels increase glandular secretion
- Myometrial contraction decreases
- The cervix may close
- Bacteria multiply!
What pathogens may cause pyometra in the mare?
Strep zooepidemicus
E.coli
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
Pasteurella
Describe this lesion
Focally extensive, the uterine surface is brown in colour, apears dry in texture. Foetus is dead also covered in thick brown suppurative material. Other side of uterus appears haemorrhagic and hyperplastic.
Chronic focal severe necrotising metritis
Describe this lesion
Multifocal space occupying lesions of the uterine wall
Histologically appears as streams of myocytes
Uterine leiomyoma
Describe this lesion
Locally invasive, unencapsulated white masses protruding into the uterine lumen.
Histologically appears as aggregations of glandular tissue
Uterine adenocarcinoma
Differentiate between:
- Early embryonic death
- Abortion
- Stillbirth
- Lethal chromosomal abnormality - resumes cycling
- Expulsion of the foetus before it could survive
- Expulsion of the foetus at an age it could survive
Describe this carcass.
Dessicated (skin tightly adhered to skeletal structure), brown discolouration, leathery
Occurs in the abscence of interuterine infection (emphysema with)
Describe this carcass
Maceration (softening of a carcass) - caused by campy tritrichimonas
Due to interuterine infection
Describe this lesion
Empysematous calf - putrifactive, gas forming bacteria
Forms in the presence of interuterine infection
Hydrallantois/ hydramnion
Aka hydrops
Excess fluid within the amniotic/allantoic cavity
What can predispose the gravid uterus to infection?
By the haematogenous route!
Progesterone secretion
Chorionic epithelium secretions
Immun-priviledged site
Describe this lesion
Intercotyledonary thickening, cotyledons appear reddened with the edges appearing friable and brown discolouration (thick)
Foetus appears oedematous
Chronic diffuse severe necrotising placentitis
Brucella abortus - suis, ovis, canis
Describe this lesion
Half of the placenta is browns discolouration, friable, soft. The other half shows cotyledonary haemorrhage.
Acute focally extensive severe necrotising placentitis
Campylobacter fetus venerealis
What signs are indicative of mycotic placentitis?
Fungal hyphae within the foetal stomach
Necrotising placentitis
Caused by Aspergillus
What protozoa are associated with placentitis?
Neospora caninum
Toxoplasma gondii
Describe this lesion
Severe, acute diffuse necrotising placentisi (strawberry lesions) - small foci present on the cotyledons
Toxoplasma gondii
What would this foetal lesion be associated with?
Cerebellar hypoplasia - BVD
Also:
- Cerebellar hypoplasia
- Retinal atrophy
- Optic neuritis
Cause of sequential abortion in pigs.
Porcine parvovirus
You find fungal hyphae in the stomach of an aborted foetus.
What aetiology would you expect?
Aspergillus
Causes necrotising placentitis - reaches the placenta via ascending infection or haematogenous route
You find scattered 1-3mm white foci on a placenta of an aborted calf.
What aetiology do you expect?
Toxoplasma gondii
Describe the possible routes of infection for mastitis pathogens.
Teat canal
Local invasiveness
Percutaneous
Haematogenous
What factors in milk provide resistence to mastitis infection?
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Lactoperoxidase
Immunoglobulin
Neutrophils
Name three environmental pathogens which cause mastitis in cattle.
- Strep. dysgalactiae
- Strep. uberis
- E.coli
Pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia
Increased testosterone stimulation - acts as an autocrine hormone on stromal cells and paracrine on epithelial cells.
Binds to intranuclear receptors, leads to increased growth
