Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems PATH > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Ectopia cordia

A

Heart develops outside the body cavity, due to incomplete body compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amorphus globosus

A

Acardiac monster attached to the placenta. Spherical, covered in hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Foetal remnant which connects the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Blood shunts from aorta to pulmonary artery therefore leading to pulmonary hypertension.

Usually degenerates to the Ligamentum arteriosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sequelae to PDA

A

Right ventricular hypertension due to pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patent foramen ovale

A

Hole which allows blood from the right atrium to by-pass the lungs during gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True septal defect

A

A hole (fault) in the septum between heart chambers.

Can be interatrial or interventricular.

With ventricular shunts are from left to right and lead to equal pressures in the chambers:

  • Volume overload and eccentric hypertrophy in the right atrium
  • Pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy in the left atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pulmonary stenosis

A

Valvular lesions which are associated with muscle/fibrous tissue deposition:

  • Subvalvular - beneath the valve
  • Valvular - valve itself

Leads to pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Also jet lesions in the pulmonary artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Subaortic stenosis

A

Below the aortic valve a zone of circumferencial fibrosis.

Made up of proliferating mesenchyme, mucin and metaplastic cartilage.

Leads to pressure overload and concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Also myocardial necrosis and fibrosis may be observed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect
  2. Pulmonic stenosis
  3. Dextroposition of the aorta - aorta straddles right and left ventricles
  4. Secondary hypertrophy of the rght ventricle

Baby blue syndrome - cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Valvular haematoma

A

Haemocyst/ lymphocyst - generally regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Persistent right aortic arch

A

Ligamentum arteriosum forms a ring around the oesophagus and trachea.

Leads to cranial megaoesophagus - regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peritoneopericaridial diaphragmatic hernia

A

Displacement of the intestine into the pericardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydropericardium

A

Transudate or exudate (+ fibrin - associated with mulberry heart disease)

Associated with generalised oedema and therefore cardiac tamponade and compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Haemorrhagic pericardial effusion

A

Small deposits of blood

GSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Haemopericardium

A

Large amounts of blood within the pericardium.

Causes:

Atrial rupture due to haemangiosarc

Aortic rupture in horses

Iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pneumopericardium

A

Due to pulmonary rupture/ oesophageal rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chylopericardium

A

Exudate formed due to rupture of the thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe this value.

A

Epicardial fat has become yellow and gelatinous. Due to fat metabolism (starvation).

Histologically appears oedematous and atrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe this lesion

What are the potential outcomes of the condition

A

Subacute diffuse severe fibrinous pericarditis

(traumatic, haematogenous, local spread of infection)

Histo - fibrin layer with n# over pericardium

Outcomes - death through septicaemia or chronicity (proliferating fibrosis) with compensatory hypertrophy &heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cause of fibrinous pericarditis in:

  1. Cat
  2. Cattle
  3. Pig
  4. Horse
  5. Bird
A
  1. FIP
  2. Pasturella, C. chauvoei, Chlamidophila, collisepticaemia
  3. Haemophilus parasuis, streps, pasturella, Salmonella, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  4. Streps
  5. Chlamydia psittaci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polyserositis

Pig?

A

Inflammation of several serous membranes - eg pleural, pericardium, peritoneum

Glasser’s disease - Haemophilus parasuis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pericardial gout

Causes..

A

Accumulation of uric acids - found in reptiles/ birds

Causes:

  1. Enzyme deficiency
  2. Dietary
  3. Increased catabolism - disease/ tumours
  4. Renal disease
  5. Dehydration

Grossly see white urate crystals on the pericardial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Endocardial mineralisation

A

Excess vitamin D intake or calcinogenic plant intoxication, Hyperparathroidism, renal failure, Johne’s

Basically due to hypercalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Endocardial fibrosis

A

Chronic dilation, healing ulcerative endocarditis, jet lesions.

Appears as firm white plaques in endocardium and intima of large vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Myxomatous degeneration

A

Degenerative disease which accumulates mucin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Valvular endocardiosis

A

Degeneration of valvular collagen - degenerative change in older dogs

27
Q

Left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis

A

Depositation of fibroelastic tissue on endocardium (due to deposition and poor lymph drainage in the myocardium)

Can result in decreased CO, CHF and left-bundle block

28
Q

What bacterial species are associated with endocarditis?

A

Ecoli/ streps in dogs

A. pyogenes in cattle

Streps in pigs

29
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Multifocal to coelescing rough, irregular nodules. Endocardium remaining is reddened.

Acute mf-c severe fibrinous endocarditis

Valvular injury leads to bacterial adhesion and proliferation.

Chronically fibrosis occurs

30
Q

Sequelae to valvular endocarditis

A

Valvular dysfunction - regurgitation, systemic/ pulmonic hypertension

Atrial dilation and thromboembolism creation

Bacteriaemia

31
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localised dilation of a thinning and weakened portion of a vessel.

Usually affects arteries

  • Copper deficiency in pigs
  • Spirocerca lupi
  • Disecting in birds
32
Q

What can lead to vessel rupture in animals?

A

Aneurysm

Traumatic - horse falls over, cow during parturition

Mycosis - internal carotid

33
Q

Arterial hypertrophy

A

Sustained high pressure or volume within the artery - compensatory hypertrophy of smooth muscle

  • Parasitic - toxocara, heartworm, lung worm
  • Brisket disease - sustained vasoconstriction in response to generalised hypoxia
  • Cardiovascular shunts
34
Q

Medial calcification

Causes?

A

Endocardial mineralisation and fibrosis

Causes:

  • Vit D toxicosis
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Johne’s
  • Plant toxicosis

Basophilic material within the tunica media of vessels

(Intima may be a normal finding)

35
Q
A

Fibrinoid necrosis - endothelial damage and inflammation spills into surrounding tissue - fibrin deposits within interstitial tissue

Caused by selenium/ vit E deficiency in pigs/ oedema disease, uraemia

36
Q

Thrombosis

A

Intravascular coagulation

There are three factors involved:

  • Endothelial injury - eg parasitic
  • Hypercoagulability - congenital, dehydrated
  • Abnormal blood flow - stasis, turbulence, emboli
37
Q

Describe this lesion

A

A solid mass within the aortic bifurcation of this cat (aka a saddle thrombus). Blocks blood flow to and from the caudal tissues

38
Q

Thrombosis due to Dirofilaria immitis would most likely end up where?

A

Pulmonary arteries/ right ventricle

39
Q

Thrombosis due to Strongyloids will most likely be found where?

A

Mesenteric artery of the gut

40
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Concurrent clotting and coagulation within the blood.

Extensive clotting depletes resources leading to widespread haemorrhage. Also activation of the coagulation scale.

41
Q

Embolism

What are the four different types of emboli?

A

Occlusion of arteries by foreign material

  1. Septic - vegetative endocarditis
  2. Parasitic - fragments of dead parasites (due to anthelmintic treatment)
  3. Fat - bone fracture
  4. Fibrocartilagenous - spinal arteries due to fragmented discs
  5. Thromboembolism - pulmonary arteries (imha, ple)
42
Q

Causes of arteritis

A

Haematogenous spread of infection

Local spread of infection

Immune mediated (t3 hypersensitivity)

Parasitic

43
Q

Name one cause of vasculitis from each of these categories.

  1. Viral
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasite
  5. Immune-mediated
A
  1. EVA, BVDV, BTV
  2. Salmonella, erysipelas
  3. Aspergillus
  4. Strogyloides
  5. SLE
44
Q

Phlebitis

Causes

A

Vein inflammation

  • Systemic infection
  • Local infection
  • IV injection
45
Q

Omphalophlebitis

A

Navel ill

Inflammation of the umbilical vein in a neonate due to infection of the site post-partum

46
Q

How can hepatic abscessation lead to thrombosis in the lung?

A

Local spread of infection from the hepatic vein to the vena cava, caval thrombosis travels to the heart and then the pulmonary system

47
Q
A

Haemangiopericytoma

Characterised by whorls of fusiform cells surrounding vessels

48
Q

How can mitral valve disease lead to atrial rupture?

A

Valvular incompetence leads to voume overload of the atrium during systole

This leads to thinning of the atrial walls and eventually rupture of the structure

49
Q

Eccentric ventricular hypertrophy

A

Due to volume overload the ventricle dilates with an increase in wall thickness

Caused eg by valvular insufficiency/ septal defect

50
Q

Concentric hypertrophy

A

Increase wall thickness and decreased chamber size caused by pressure overload.

Caused by stenosis or systemic/ pulmonary hypertension

51
Q

Ventricular dilation without hypertrophy is due to…

A

Inability of the muscle to undergo hypertrophy - disease, nutrition

Stretching of cells allows increased contractile force and stroke volume

52
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Severe concentric hypertrophy of the ventricles with subsequent dilation of the left atria

Histologically can see degenerate myocytes, interweaving fibres and fibrosis

53
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Dilated ventricle, endocardium is diffusely white, increased heart weight

Histologically there may be NO changes, or similar to that of hypertrophic

Clinical signs would include effusions, dyspnoea (compressing airway), subcut oedema

54
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Walls are rigid - reduced filling

55
Q

This genetic condition leads to fibrosis of cardio-myocytes

A

X-linked muscular dystrophy

Muscular atrophy, interstitial fat deposits and fibrosis

56
Q
A

Myocardial necrosis

Pale yellow areas within the myocardium, dry, gritty (mineralisation)

57
Q

Describe the progression of histological features of myocardial necrosis.

A
  1. Dilated, hypereosinophilic (necrotic) myocytes
  2. Infiltrated by inflammatory cells (n# and macrophages) - acute
  3. Infiltrated by fibroblasts - collagen and vascularisation
58
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Mottled colour of myocardium

Areas of haemorrhage

Fibrinoid necrosis

Acute diffuse severe haemorrhagic and necrotisin myocarditis

Caused by vitaminE/ selenium deficit - mulberry heart disease (high fat diets)

59
Q

Myocardial degeneration in equine

A

petechial haemorrhage pericoronal

Monensin poisoning

60
Q

Lymphocytic myocarditis

A

Parvovirus (likes rapidly dividing cells) cardiacmyocytes in puppies

61
Q

Purulent myocarditis

A

Veg endocarditis

Local bacterial spread

62
Q

Black leg

A

Leads to myocarditis - Clostridium chauvei

63
Q

Chemodectoma

A

At aortic base - tumour of the chemoreceptor cells

64
Q
A

Systems PATH (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions