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Systems PATH > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Cheiloschisis

A

Cleft lip

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2
Q

Palatochisis

A

Cleft palate

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3
Q

Cause of glossal atrophy in the horse..

A

Lingual muscle atrophy due to neuropathy of nerves running through the guttural pouch - mycosis

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4
Q

Pallor (mm)

A

Anaemia

Heart failure

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5
Q

Cyanosis (mm)

A

Blue or purple discolouration of the mucus membrane - due to low tissue oxygenation

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6
Q

Petechial/ ecchymotic haemorrhage (mm)

A

Clotting defect

Septicaemia

Intoxication

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7
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation or oral mucous membranes

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8
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation

  • Poor oral hygiene - plaque build up
  • SBI
  • Gingival trauma
  • Immunodeficiency - FIV
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9
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Focal area (poorly demarcated) of redenning of the gingival.

Affecting 20% of tissue, areas are soft and mildly oedema.

Chronic focal mild haemorrhagic gingivitis

Cause: poor dental hygiene

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10
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Acute multifocal severe necrotising fibrinous stomatitis

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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11
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Yellow foci spread throughout the tongue muscle.

Chronic multifocal severe pyogranulomatous glossitis

Actinobacillus lignieresi

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12
Q

Oribivirus causing cyanosis in livestock

A

Bluetongue - spread by culicoides

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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bluetongue virus?

A

Causes endothelial damage and vasculitis - microthrombi formation and haemorrhage - leads to ischemic necrosis

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14
Q

A picornavirus causing oral vesicles in sheep and cattle.

A

Foot and mouth disease virus

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15
Q

Transmission of FMDV

A

Aerosol

Oropharyngeal

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of FMDV

A

Ballooning degeneration of glossal mucosal - cell detachment - oedema

Acute focal moderate fibrinous glottitis

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17
Q

Picornavirus causing vesicle formation in pigs.

A

Swine vesicular disease

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18
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Multifocal to coelescing red ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa of the cow.

Well demarcated - irregularly shaped 2x2mm

Cause: Cytopathic mucosal disease associated with BVDV1 - pestivirus

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19
Q

Where can mucosal disease appear in the cow?

A

Oral mucosa

Glossal mucosa

Rumen

Oesophagus

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20
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever is what type of virus

A

Ovine herpes virus 1

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21
Q

Differentials for infectious causes of erosive stomatitis/ glossitis.

A
  1. FMD
  2. Mucosal disease BVD
  3. MCF Ovine herpes virus 1
  4. Bluetongue
  5. Fusobacterium necrophorum - calf diphtheria
  6. Actinobacillus lignieresi - wooden tongue
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22
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

Multifocal to coelescing irregular well demarcated flat ulcers on the palatal surface. The underlying tissue is severely reddened. Lesions are 5x1 cm at the largest.

Also seen is conjunctivitis and keratitis/ muzzle ulceration

Acute multifocal m/s ulcerative stomatitis

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23
Q

What feline viruses cause ulcerative/ erosive stomatitis?

A

Feline calicivirus

Feline herpesvirus

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24
Q
A

Ulcerative glossitis associated with FCV/ FHV

Distinguishable since FHV infection shows syncitial cells and possibly inclusion bodies on histological examination

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25
Q

Fungal cause of stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis in suckling animals and immunocompromised adults.

A

Candida albicans

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26
Q

Parasitic causes of stomatitis, oral ulceration and glossitis

A

Cystercercus of taenia species:

  • Cellulosae - T. solium in lingual muscles
  • Bovis - T. saginata

Trichinella spiralis

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27
Q

Potential causes of tonsilitis

A

Sytemic pathogens: CAV, Parvo, swine HV

Colonising bacteria: Streptococci, some coliforms - rare primary disease

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28
Q

What is the difference between a papilloma and epulide?

A

Epulides are derived from gingival connective tissue or periodontal ligaments

Papillomas are derived from oral epithelium

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29
Q

Describe the lesion

A

Malignant melanoma of the pigmented mucosa

Highly invasive - to blood and lymphnodes

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30
Q

Ameloblastoma

A

Amelocyte tumour - dental epithelium

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31
Q

Odontoma

A

Harmatoma (abnormal) benign growth of dental tissue

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32
Q

Sialoadenitis

A

Salivary gland inflammation

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33
Q

Sialoliths

A

Salivary calculi

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34
Q

Ranula

A

Cyst of the sublingual duct

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35
Q

Persistent 4th right aortic arch can lead to….

A

Oesophageal stricture and dilation of the cranial oesophagus

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36
Q

What sequelae can occur due to congenital oesophageal stricture?

A

Poor wt gain

Regurgitation

Aspiration pneumonia

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37
Q

Choke

A

Caused by oesophageal obstructure - can lead to ulceration and necrosis of the mucosa

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38
Q

Sequelae of oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Bloat - prevented eructation
  • Dysphagia
  • Diverticulum formation
  • Oesophageal rupture
  • Regurgitation - aspiration pneumonia
39
Q

Mega-oesophagus

A

Neuromuscular disorder/ distal obstruction of the oesophagus

Leads to atony and flaccid oeophagus (dilated with food)

Can be congenital or acquired secondary to neuromuscular disorders (distemper, myasthenia gravis)

40
Q

Myaesthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - generalised muscle weakness

41
Q

Autonomic polyganglionopathy resulting in abnormal sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

A

Grass sickness - due to Clostridium toxin

42
Q

Oesophagitis can occur by which means?

A

Infectious induction - MD, MCF, IBR

Chemical induction - reflux (gastic acid, pepsin)

43
Q

Spirocerca lupi

A

Oesophageal parasite causing granulomatous oesophagitis and development of fibrosarcoma

44
Q

Which papilloma virus causes tumours in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and rumen?

A

Type 4

45
Q

Which papilloma virus causes tumours of the skin?

A

Types 3 and 6

46
Q

What can cause ruminal parakeratosis?

A

Adaptations to change in diet

47
Q

Ruminal tympany

A

Bloat - accumulation of excess quantities of gas within the rumen

  1. Frothy - gas is dispersed in small bubbles - cannot escape with eructation - due to legumes
  2. Free gas - due to physical obstruction of oesophagus/ pharynx
48
Q

How does ruminal acidosis result in rumenitis?

A
  • Increased VFA production
  • Successive drop in ruminal pH
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus
  • Chemical ulceration and inflammation of the rumen

(can lead to death if pH<4.5)

49
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The pericardium and pericardial space is diffusely filled with a pale tan friable substance which is adhered but removable from the heart surface. The epicardium is thickened. There also appears to be multifocal areas of haemorrhage.

Subacute diffuse severe fibrinonecrotising suppurative pericarditis secondary to traumatic reticulitis (Hardware disease)

50
Q

What condition is commonly associated with excessive eating or aerophagia in dogs?

A

Gastric dilatation and volvulus

51
Q
A

Displacement of the pylorus ventrally which then wraps around the dilated stomach

Stomach rotates on the long axis and around 360o when viewed from the caudal aspect

Leads to gastric torsion and ischemia and twisting of the spleen

52
Q

Left displaced abomasum

A

Often associated with old dairy cows around the time of parturition (ketosis, hypocalcaemia, metritis, RFM)

Can lead to haemorrhagic infarction/ abomasal volvulus

53
Q

Parasites of the stomach

A

Gastrophilus - induces erosions & gastritis

Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Telodorsagia, Trichostrongylus axei

54
Q

Pica

A

Allotriophagia - abnormal diet

  • Encephalitis - neuro
  • Starvation
  • Boredom
55
Q

Zootrichobezoars

A

Impacted hairballs

56
Q
A

Acute catarrhal gastritis - increase mucus production

57
Q

What can cause acute haemorrhagic gastritis?

A

NSAIDs - reduced PG (increased gastric acid)

Poison

Swine erysipelas

Braxy - Clostridium septicum enterotoxin

58
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Acute diffuse severe haemorhagic necrotising gastritis

Clostridium septicum - Braxy

59
Q

What pathogens can cause haemorrhagic gastritis?

A

Anthrax

CSF

Leptospirosis

60
Q

Uraemic gastritis.

A

Chronic renal failure sequelae

Due to excess ammonia excretion in gastric juices and saliva

61
Q

Fibrinonecrotising gastritis

A

Caused by mycotic infection

Areas of hyperaemia and fibrin depositation on the mucosal surface

62
Q

Which area of the equine stomach is most susceptible to ulceration?

A

Non-glandular

Squamous epithelium

63
Q

Which area of the cows stomach is prone to gastric ulceration?

A

Pylorus

Associated with environmental stressors and diet

64
Q

How do mast cell tumours increase likelihood of gastric ulceration?

A

Lead to increased histamine production

65
Q

Sequelae to gastric ulcers

A

Haemorrhage - anaemia

Perforation - peritonitis

66
Q

Why does gastric rupture commonly lead to gastric rupture?

When does it occur in horses?

A

Leads to peritonitis, septic shock (due to intoxication with gastric contents)

Occurs as a sequelae to obstructive colic or gastric dilation (xs fermentable carbs, water or lush pasture)

67
Q

Leomyoma/sarcoma

A

Smooth muscle cell neoplasm - arises from the tunica muscularis in the stomach

68
Q

Intestinal atresia

A

Congenital abscence of an intestinal opening/ passage.

(muscular and connective tissue layers still present)

69
Q

Cause of megacolon

A

Idiopathic - recurrent and progressive in old cats

Neuronal aplasia

70
Q

Herniation of intestine

Where and when can this happen?

A

Displacement of an organ through a pre-existing hole

  • Diaphragmatic - traumatic
  • Epiploic entrapment - horse
  • Inguinal - rabbit
71
Q

Intussuception

A

Telescoping of one segment into another.

Usually as a result of enteritis due to increased bowel movement - Parvo, distemper, parasitic (tapeworm in horses)

72
Q

Volvulus

A

Twist at the mesenteric root of intestine

73
Q

Common cause of intestinal volvulus in the horse.

Sequelae

A

Pedunculated lipoma

Leads to vascular occlusion, ischemia and infarction

74
Q

What kind of foreign body can cause disolation of large sections of the intestine?

A

Linear - such as thread

75
Q

Which of the sympathetic ganglion is implicated in the development of equine grass sickness?

A

Coeliac

Chromatolysis

Shrunken and eosinophilic neurones

76
Q

Mechanisms of diarrhoea development

A

Maldigestion - villous atrophy, lack of enzymes - rotavirus, coronavirus, EPEC

Malabsorption - villous atrophy

Hypersecretion - enterotoxins - ETEC, Yersinia enterocolitica

Increased motility

77
Q

Pathogens causing catarrhal enteritis

A

Loss of villous tip and villous atrophy

  • Coronavirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Parvovirus
  • Feline parvovirus (FPV)
78
Q
A

Sunken peyers patches found in catarrhal enteritis associated with parvovirus in a dog

79
Q

Parvovirus has an affinity for which area of the villous?

A

Crypt!

Likes rapidly dividing cells

80
Q

Oedema disease

A

Ecoli in pigs

Causes oedema of subcutis, stomach wall and mesenteric lymphnodes

81
Q
A

Fibrino-necrotising enteritis - deep mucosal damage

Acute CSF

82
Q

What type of enteritis can be caused by Salmonellosis infection?

A

Fibrino-necrotising in chronic infections in young animals

83
Q

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

84
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Diffuse mucosal hyperplasia

Areas of haemorrhage

Lawsonia intracellularis - proliferative enteropathy

85
Q

Intestinal adenomatosis

A

Lawsonia induced hyperplasia of intestinal glands

86
Q

Describe the four forms of Porcine proliferative enteropathy.

A
  1. Intestinal adenomatosis - similar appearance to Johnes
  2. Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy
  3. Necrotic enteritis - high mortality
  4. Terminal ileitis - chronicity
87
Q

Notifiable zoonosis causing haemorrhagic enteritis in the acute phase.

A

Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax

88
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium

Diffusely reddened - granulomatous inflammation

Chronic diffuse severe granulomatous enteritis

Johne’s disease

89
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by what type of inflammation

A

Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic - caused by hypersensitivity to infectious disease or dietary substance

90
Q

Malabsorption syndrome can occur secondary to what pathology?

A

Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency

Acute/ chronic enteritis (villous atrophy)

91
Q

Describe verminous arteritis.

A

Thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric arteries due to parasitic invastion - Strongylus vulgaris in the horse

92
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Subserosal haemorrhage caused by parasitic migration

93
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Multifocal to coelescing, 4x4mm raised firm nodules on the intestinal surface.

Chronic multifocal to coelescing, severe catarrhal enteritis

Coccidiosis - Eimeria

94
Q
A

Multifocal small granulomatous lesions caused by en mass emergence of L3s from the intestinal wall

Systems PATH (13 decks)

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