Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Draw and label a schematic of the eye

A
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2
Q

Which structures make up the uvea? What is the function of these structures?

A

Iris - adjusts volume of light hitting the retina, ciliary body - lens shape, choroidea - vascular supply to the retina

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3
Q

What glands are associated with the eyelids?

A

Tarsal glands - sebaceous, Zeis - sebaceous, Moll - apocrine sweat gland, lacrimal

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4
Q

Anophlalmia

A

Absence of the eye

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5
Q

Microphalmia

A

Small sized eyes

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6
Q

Cyclopia

A

One central eye

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7
Q

Name an aetiological cause of cyclopia in lambs

A

V. californium within 14-15 days

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8
Q

Synophalmia

A

Two eyes fused into one

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9
Q

Dermoid

A

Focal nodule of skin on the cornea

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10
Q

Coloboma

A

Failure to close of the optic fissure

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11
Q

Aphakia

A

Absence of the lens

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12
Q

Hypopyon

A

Pus in the anterior chamber

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13
Q

Hyphaemia

A

Blood in the anterior chamber

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14
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

Inflammation of the internal structures of the eye

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15
Q

Panphthalmitis

A

Inflammation of all of the structures of the eye

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16
Q

Blepharitis

A

Eyelid inflammation

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17
Q

Internal Hordeolum

A

Purulent inflammation of the tarsal gland - STYE

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18
Q

Chalazion

A

Granulomatous inflammation of the tarsal gland

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19
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland

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20
Q

Name four infectious causes of conjunctivitis.

A

BHV1, FHV1, Chlamidophyla psittaci, Mycoplasma felis

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21
Q

Describe the gross changes associated with bacterial/viral conjunctivitis.

A

IBR/FHV - serous-purulent +/- fibrin

Mycoplasma - pseudo-dyphteric

Chylamidophyla - unilateral

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22
Q

Which cause of conjunctivitis is associated with unilateral conjunctivitis in the cat?

A

Chylamidophyla

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23
Q

Describe the histological changes associated with bacterial/viral causes of conjunctivitis.

A

FHV - inclusion bodies in the first few days Mycoplasma - erosive, degenerative n#, coccoid bacteria Chylamidophyla - n#, mo, lpc and inclusion bodies

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24
Q

Name three non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis.

A

Dessication (

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25
Q

Describe the gross and histological changes associated with non-infectious conjunctivitis.

A

Gross - ulcerative margins Histo - Eosinophils +/- lymphocytes, hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia

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26
Q

Name two parasitic causes of conjunctivitis in the horse.

A

Draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma

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27
Q

Describe the gross/ histo changes associated with parasitic conjunctivitis.

A

Gross - medial canthus, ulcerative nodules, oozing. Histo - granulomatous, eosinophils, larvae

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28
Q

Name three non-infectious causes of keratitis.

A

Physical - corneal trauma, ulcerative. Sunlight - pannus keratitis. Keratitis sicca - reduced tear film

29
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of keratitis

A

Stromal imbibition (diffusion), secondary bacteria, neovascularisation, repair

30
Q

Name three aetiological agents which cause keratitis.

A

FHV1, Moraxella bovis, mycotic (aspergillus, alternaria, penicillium)

31
Q

Pink eye is also known as what? Caused by which bacteria?

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis Moraxella bovis

32
Q

What aetiologies are associated with cataracts?

A

Physical, chemical, increased IOP, ageing, diabetes, inflammatory

33
Q

How can diabetes cause cataracts?

A

Sorbitol induced oedema which interrupts lens architecture

34
Q

What gross changes associated with cataracts?

A

Opacitation of the lens

35
Q

What histological changes are associated with cataracts?

A

Loss of normal architecture, morgagnian globules, bladder cells

36
Q

What are Morgagnian globules?

A

Degenerated lens fibres

37
Q

Describe the types of lens luxation which can occur.

A

Anterior vs posterior, complete vs partial

38
Q

Which type of lens luxation predisposes animals to glaucoma?

A

Anterior - blocked drainage angle

39
Q

Name three viral causes of Uveitis.

A

FCV (FIP), CAV1, MCF

40
Q

Name parasitic and fungal causes of uveitis

A

Cryptococcus, Toxocara canis

41
Q

Uveitis caused by rupture of the lens is due to what?

A

Autoimmunity, phagoclastic uveitis

42
Q

Describe this histological slide of a conjunctiva.

A

Tissue has been infiltrated by eosinophilic cells (eosinophils) and lymphocytes, there are also multifocal areas of hyperaemia

Subacute moderate focal eosinophilic conjunctivitis

43
Q

Eosinophilic conjunctivitis can occur as a result of which aetiological causes?

A

Dessication

Allergy

Idiopathic

44
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The normal architecture of the eye has been diffusely disrupted.

The retinal membrane has been focally extensively been detached from the choroid on the posterior side.

There are multifocal areas of haemorrhage and the lens has been displaced anteriorly.

The cornea appears opaque and thickened with a diffuse loss of structure.

Acute diffuse severe ulcerative keratitis

45
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The cornea of this eye appears diffusely turbid and dry. There is a large degree of neovascularisation across the surface. The sclera and surrounding palpebral structures appear normal.

Chronic diffuse moderate to severe keratitis sicca

Cause - reduced tear film

46
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

The cornea of this eye appears diffusely thickened by a focally extensive nodule. The nodule is pale tan in colour and has an undulating surface, it is firm to handle and approximately 4x4cm. Shows ulceration on the surface.

Chronic diffuse severe ulcerative keratitis

47
Q

These cells were isolated from an eyes lens.

What are they? What condition of the lens are they associated with?

A

Bladder cells - dysplastic bladder-like cells

Cataracts

48
Q

What is shown in this slide taken from an eyes lens?

What condition are they associated with?

A

Morganian globules - degenerative lens fibres

Cataracts

49
Q

Describe this histological slide isolated from the uvea of a feline eye.

A

Multifocally infiltrated with round pale, basophilic structures (resembling soap bubbles)

Mild infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells.

Chronic multifocal moderate to severe lymphoplasmacytic uveitis

Caused by cryptococcus

50
Q

Describe this lesion

A

Normal architecture of the is diffusely disrupted, the lens is focally ruptured and has been displaced into the posterior section of the eye.

As a result the vitreous cavity has been severely reduced and the retina shows multifocal to diffuse detachment from the posterior choroid. The iris also shows mild thickening.

Diffuse severe chronic uveitis secondary to lens rupture which induces an autoimmune reaction

51
Q

Which species of leptospira has been implicated in the development of equine recurrent uveitis?

A

Leptospira interogans var pomona

52
Q

Describe these pathological changes

A

Iris hyperplasia, the edge shows diffuse irregular fragmentation therefore leaving an irregular pupillary shape.

The conjunctiva on the dorsal aspect of the eye show a focal area of haemorrhage.

Subacute moderate to severe diffuse uveitis.

53
Q

Which retinal abnormality are collies, labradors and samoyeds predisposed to?

A

Imperfect retinal development and therefore retinal dysplasia.

54
Q

Retinitis in the cat can be caused by what protozoal agent?

A

Toxoplasma

55
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

The retina of the eye shows diffuse detachment from the posterior section of the eye. There are multifocal areas of haemorrhage found throughout. The largest being approximately 1 cm across with further 3-5 mm areas.

Acute diffuse moderate haemorrhagic retinitis

56
Q

Name three causes of retinal degeneration.

A
  • Glaucoma - compression
  • Nutritional: Vit A, C, E, taurin deficency
  • Toxic: Braken fern, Mycotoxin
57
Q

Define Glaucoma.

A

An occular condition determined by the prolonged increase in intraoccular pressure due to increased quesous humour damage

58
Q

Define Goniodysgenesis.

A

Imperfect trabecular degeneration - leads to imperfect drainage of the aqueous humour.

Causes - imperfect pectinate ligaments or trabecular hypoplasia

59
Q

What aetiological causes lead to secondary glaucoma?

A

Synechia - lens>iris adhesion

Inflammatory - uveitis

60
Q

What is shown here?

A

Decreased drainage between the iris and lens.

Leads to decreased drainage of aqueous humour -> glaucoma

61
Q

What sequelae may be expected with an incidence of glaucoma?

A

Chronic purulent ulcerative keratitis

Buphthalmos - bulgy eye

62
Q

Describe this lesion

A

The dorsal and ventral palpebrae and conjunctiva have multifocal-coelescing nodular swellings approximately 5-15mm large. They are firm to handle and are pale tan to black in colour. The tip of the dorsal mass shows petechial haemorrhage.

Palpebral epithelioma of the meiobian glands

63
Q

What is the function of meibomian gland?

A

It is a modified sebaceous gland of the eyelid which secretes meibum (prevents evaporation of the tear film)

64
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

The conjunctiva of the eye shown has developed a focal, large (4x4cm) white irregularly shaped mass. It is compressing the posterior structure and disrupts the normal architecture of the eye.

The nodule shows poor demarcation and an infiltrative pattern of growth.

Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma

65
Q

Describe this lesion.

A

The uvea of the eye has developed a firm, focal, brown, oval nodular structure (4x3cm). The mass has severely distrupted the interoccular architecture which has been displaced laterally. The mass is well demarcated & is encapsulated?

Uveal melanoma

66
Q

Which area of the eye could an adenoma/ adenocarcinoma develop from?

A

Non-pigmented ciliary body

67
Q

A cat is presented with a unilateral patchy, hyperpigmented iris.

Which neoplastic cause could be suspected?

A

Diffuse iris melanoma

68
Q

This eye tumour causes complete destruction of the globe.

A

Intraoccular sarcoma

69
Q

Retrobulbar tumours can originate from which structure of the head?

What gross changes in the anatomy may be seen?

A

Muscular, connective tissue, glandular, neural, lymphoidal.

Leads to protrusion of the bulb and compression of the globe