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Bio 224 Final > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

Offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes from 2 parents.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A

Production of a new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes.

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3
Q

3 types of asexual reproduction:

A
  1. Budding
  2. Regeneration
  3. Parthenogenesis
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4
Q

What are some advantages for sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Allows for greater genetic variation
  2. Offspring are never exactly like either of their parents.
  3. More rapid adaptations to environment changes
  4. Provides the opportunity for 2 or more beneficial alleles to be inherited by the same offspring.
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5
Q

Scrotum holds?

A

Testes!

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6
Q

What temperature does sperm develop at?

A

2 degrees lower than the body.

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7
Q

Sperm is released into….

A

seminiferous tubules.

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8
Q

Leydig cells secrete…

A

testosterone

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9
Q

Sertoli cells provide….

A

nutrients and protection to developing sperm.

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10
Q

Semen is made up of?

A
  1. Sperm ~5%
  2. Seminal vesicles (provides energy in form of fructose)
  3. Bulbourethal glands
  4. Prostate which is slightly alkaline.
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11
Q

Why is the prostate fluid slightly alkaline?

A

To help the sperm prolong life when they reach the acidic vagina.

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis:

A

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes. The undergo meiosis II to produce 4 haploid spermatids. Eventually becoming sperm.

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13
Q

The head of the sperm has an

A

Acrosome.

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14
Q

What is the acrosome and what does it allow the sperm to join to?

A

It is an organelle derived from the golgi apparatus. Allows the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum.

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15
Q

What is the female reproductive tract specialized for?

A

For egg fertilization and embryo development.

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16
Q

The labia majora has the same tissues as

A

the scrotum

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17
Q

The labia minora has the same tissues as

A

urethral promordial tissues

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18
Q

Clitoris same as

A

the erectile tissues as penis.

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19
Q

The uterus has 2 layers:

A
  1. Endometrium: inner gladular lining

2. Myometrium: outer muscular layer.

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20
Q

What hormone is the uterus very sensitive to?

A

Estrogen hormone! It contains receptors for this hormone

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21
Q

Estris:

A

When female accepts male usually around time of ovulation

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22
Q

Gonads makes —– and secrete —- ——–

A

Gametes/ sex steroids

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23
Q

In the male testes secrete…..

A

Testoterone

24
Q

In females ovaries secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

Testosterone place a key role in (2 things):

A
  1. development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostates.
  2. Promotes secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass and the growth of body-hair.
26
Q

Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of

A

Testosterone (increase protein synthesis in cells which results in build up of muscles)

27
Q

How do tropical and temperate species vary in reproduction timing?

A

Tropical species with a stable temperature and food supply may reproduce several times a year. Whereas temperate animals have seasonal reproductive cycles, controlled by photoperiod, reflecting large fluctuations in environmental conditions

28
Q

What is kisspeptin?

A

A brain protein that is mostly produced in the hypothalmus that initiate secretion of GnRH

29
Q

What is the pine cone shaped gland called?

A

The pineal gland!

30
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin! Hormone of darkness (duh duh duuuuuhhh)

31
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

The sertoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle.

32
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

The leydig cells to produve tertosterone in the testis, and estradiol and progesterone in the ovary.

33
Q

Puberty causes and is controlled by….

A

Increased GnRH pulses which initiate release of LH and FSH. This is controlled by negative feedback.

34
Q

Sex steroids are responsible for….

A
  1. Sex specific reproductive behaviors.
  2. development of sex specific secondary characteristics.
  3. Required for maturation of gametes
35
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Secondary sex characteristics at puberty and maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs.

36
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

With estrogen promotes menstrual cyclic changes in the endometrium. (prepares endometrium for eggs)

37
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Maturation of the ovarian follicle.

38
Q

When does folliculogenesis end?

A

Ends when the remaining follicles in the ovaries are incapable of responding to the hormonal cues that previously recruited some follicles to mature. Menopause!

39
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The generation of an ovum or egg

40
Q

What are the two layers around the ova?

A
  1. Zona pellucida

2. Cumuls Mass

41
Q

When does oogenesis begin in female mammals?

A

In the female fetus before birth. It will then stop and not resume until puberty.

42
Q

How is spermatogenesis and oogenesis different?

A

Spermatogenensis continues throughout life. Female mammals are born with all the primary occytes they will ever have.

43
Q

Ovarian cycle, what happens the first week?

A

Several primary follicles with its oocytes begin to develop.

44
Q

Second week:

A

Only one follicle and its primary oocyte continue developing. The primary ooocyte undergoes meiosis to become secondary oocyte. Secretes estradiol.

45
Q

Release of the oocyte triggers what hormone?

A

Progesterone

46
Q

After the thirteenth day of the menstrual cycle the oocyte is now called what?

A

An ovum and is competent to undergo fertilization.

47
Q

The ovum travels down what?

A

A fallopian tube to be eventually discharged through menstruation or to become implanted in the uterus if fertilized.

48
Q

Gametogenesis in females is an ——— regulated cyclical process.

A

endocrine

49
Q

When does estradiol peak?

A

Right before ovulation

50
Q

When does progesterone peak?

A

During the luteal phase

51
Q

When does PSH and LH peak?

A

During ovulation

52
Q

If the follicle is not ready for ovulation then what happens?

A

Negative feedback to prevent an increase in LH and FSH

53
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

Corpus leteum develops and secretes progesterone. It inhibits FSH and LH secretion and preapres uterus to receive embryo.

54
Q

In the luteal phase, if fertilization occurs, what happens?

A

Cells surrounding embryo produce chorionc gonadotroping (hCG) which maintains corpus leuteum.

55
Q

In the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur what happens?

A

Corpus luteum degernates in 2 weeks and cycle begins again. Possible bleeding starts and all hell breaks loose :(

56
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

Endometrium becomes thicker and more vascularized.

Bio 224 Final (8 decks)

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