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Bio 224 Final > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

Offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes from 2 parents.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A

Production of a new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes.

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3
Q

3 types of asexual reproduction:

A
  1. Budding
  2. Regeneration
  3. Parthenogenesis
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4
Q

What are some advantages for sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Allows for greater genetic variation
  2. Offspring are never exactly like either of their parents.
  3. More rapid adaptations to environment changes
  4. Provides the opportunity for 2 or more beneficial alleles to be inherited by the same offspring.
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5
Q

Scrotum holds?

A

Testes!

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6
Q

What temperature does sperm develop at?

A

2 degrees lower than the body.

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7
Q

Sperm is released into….

A

seminiferous tubules.

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8
Q

Leydig cells secrete…

A

testosterone

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9
Q

Sertoli cells provide….

A

nutrients and protection to developing sperm.

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10
Q

Semen is made up of?

A
  1. Sperm ~5%
  2. Seminal vesicles (provides energy in form of fructose)
  3. Bulbourethal glands
  4. Prostate which is slightly alkaline.
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11
Q

Why is the prostate fluid slightly alkaline?

A

To help the sperm prolong life when they reach the acidic vagina.

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis:

A

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes. The undergo meiosis II to produce 4 haploid spermatids. Eventually becoming sperm.

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13
Q

The head of the sperm has an

A

Acrosome.

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14
Q

What is the acrosome and what does it allow the sperm to join to?

A

It is an organelle derived from the golgi apparatus. Allows the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum.

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15
Q

What is the female reproductive tract specialized for?

A

For egg fertilization and embryo development.

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16
Q

The labia majora has the same tissues as

A

the scrotum

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17
Q

The labia minora has the same tissues as

A

urethral promordial tissues

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18
Q

Clitoris same as

A

the erectile tissues as penis.

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19
Q

The uterus has 2 layers:

A
  1. Endometrium: inner gladular lining

2. Myometrium: outer muscular layer.

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20
Q

What hormone is the uterus very sensitive to?

A

Estrogen hormone! It contains receptors for this hormone

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21
Q

Estris:

A

When female accepts male usually around time of ovulation

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22
Q

Gonads makes —– and secrete —- ——–

A

Gametes/ sex steroids

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23
Q

In the male testes secrete…..

A

Testoterone

24
Q

In females ovaries secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone

25
Testosterone place a key role in (2 things):
1. development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostates. 2. Promotes secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass and the growth of body-hair.
26
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of
Testosterone (increase protein synthesis in cells which results in build up of muscles)
27
How do tropical and temperate species vary in reproduction timing?
Tropical species with a stable temperature and food supply may reproduce several times a year. Whereas temperate animals have seasonal reproductive cycles, controlled by photoperiod, reflecting large fluctuations in environmental conditions
28
What is kisspeptin?
A brain protein that is mostly produced in the hypothalmus that initiate secretion of GnRH
29
What is the pine cone shaped gland called?
The pineal gland!
30
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin! Hormone of darkness (duh duh duuuuuhhh)
31
What does FSH stimulate?
The sertoli cells in the testis and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle.
32
What does LH stimulate?
The leydig cells to produve tertosterone in the testis, and estradiol and progesterone in the ovary.
33
Puberty causes and is controlled by....
Increased GnRH pulses which initiate release of LH and FSH. This is controlled by negative feedback.
34
Sex steroids are responsible for....
1. Sex specific reproductive behaviors. 2. development of sex specific secondary characteristics. 3. Required for maturation of gametes
35
What does estrogen do?
Secondary sex characteristics at puberty and maturation and maintenance of the reproductive organs.
36
What does progesterone do?
With estrogen promotes menstrual cyclic changes in the endometrium. (prepares endometrium for eggs)
37
What is folliculogenesis?
Maturation of the ovarian follicle.
38
When does folliculogenesis end?
Ends when the remaining follicles in the ovaries are incapable of responding to the hormonal cues that previously recruited some follicles to mature. Menopause!
39
What is oogenesis?
The generation of an ovum or egg
40
What are the two layers around the ova?
1. Zona pellucida | 2. Cumuls Mass
41
When does oogenesis begin in female mammals?
In the female fetus before birth. It will then stop and not resume until puberty.
42
How is spermatogenesis and oogenesis different?
Spermatogenensis continues throughout life. Female mammals are born with all the primary occytes they will ever have.
43
Ovarian cycle, what happens the first week?
Several primary follicles with its oocytes begin to develop.
44
Second week:
Only one follicle and its primary oocyte continue developing. The primary ooocyte undergoes meiosis to become secondary oocyte. Secretes estradiol.
45
Release of the oocyte triggers what hormone?
Progesterone
46
After the thirteenth day of the menstrual cycle the oocyte is now called what?
An ovum and is competent to undergo fertilization.
47
The ovum travels down what?
A fallopian tube to be eventually discharged through menstruation or to become implanted in the uterus if fertilized.
48
Gametogenesis in females is an --------- regulated cyclical process.
endocrine
49
When does estradiol peak?
Right before ovulation
50
When does progesterone peak?
During the luteal phase
51
When does PSH and LH peak?
During ovulation
52
If the follicle is not ready for ovulation then what happens?
Negative feedback to prevent an increase in LH and FSH
53
What happens in the luteal phase?
Corpus leteum develops and secretes progesterone. It inhibits FSH and LH secretion and preapres uterus to receive embryo.
54
In the luteal phase, if fertilization occurs, what happens?
Cells surrounding embryo produce chorionc gonadotroping (hCG) which maintains corpus leuteum.
55
In the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur what happens?
Corpus luteum degernates in 2 weeks and cycle begins again. Possible bleeding starts and all hell breaks loose :(
56
What is the proliferative phase?
Endometrium becomes thicker and more vascularized.

Bio 224 Final (8 decks)

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