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Bio 224 Final > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Portal Venous System?

A

A capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart

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2
Q

You can have three different sizes of pituitary gland tumors, what are these sizes?

A

microadenoma (4mm)
macroadenoma (25mm)
giant macroadenoma (5cm)

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3
Q

In the hypothalamus what secret releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

Neurosecretory neurons

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4
Q

What does the portal vessel or portal vein carry?

A

Carry the trophic hormones straight to anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What do endocrine cells release and where do they release it?

A

Release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

How is the posterior pituitary different from the anterior?

A

The posterior pituitary contains axons and endings of the neurosecretory neurons that originate in the hypothalmus. it is not a distinct gland as the anterior pituitary is. The two lobes are separate in structure and embryonic development.

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7
Q

How is the nervous system and endocrine system closely related?

A 
Both systems interact in regulating
homeostasis and a variety of body
functions, including:
- Growth and devlopment
- Metabolism
- Cardiovascular 
ad reproduction
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8
Q

Where is the hypothalmus located?

A

Below the thalmus

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9
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what is the most important function of the hypothalamus?

A

is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

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10
Q

The hypothalmus is responsive to:

A
  1. Stress
  2. Light and daylength
  3. Olfactory stimuli like pheromones.
  4. Steroids
  5. Neurally transmitted information arising from the
    heart, the stomach, and the reproductive tract
  6. Autonomic inputs
  7. Blood-borne stimuli
  8. Invading microorganisms by increasing body
    temperature
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11
Q

Where are hypothalmic neurohormones secreted?

A

Secreted in the posterior pituitary gland.

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12
Q

The secretion of the anterior pituitary are under the control of

A

peptide hormones, called releasing hormones (RHs) and inhibiting hormones (IHs) produced by the hypothalmus

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13
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland (in this case it is the anterior pituitary)

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14
Q

Vasopressin:

A

a pituitary hormone that acts to promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.

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15
Q

Oxytocin:

A

Oxytocin is normally produced in the hypothalamus[4] and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

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16
Q

The anterior pituitary gland has 6 main hormones broken up under 2 categories: Glycoprotein and proteins.

A 
Glycoproteins: 
1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
Proteins: 
3.Growth hormone (GH)
4. Prolactin (PRL)
5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6. Endorphins
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17
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormones (ACTH)?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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18
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone stimulates the release of Growth Hormones?

A

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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19
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone inhibits the release of GH and other hormones?

A

GH-inhibiting hormone (GHIH; somatostatin)

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20
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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21
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone stimulates the release of TSH and Prolactin?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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22
Q

What Hypothalamic Neurohormone inhibits the release of prolactin?

A

Dopamine

23
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

A

Milk production in mammals.

24
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to make glucocotricods

25
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Stimulates germ cell development and sex steroid production in gonads.

26
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

Stimulates release of eggs in females and stimulates sex steroid production from gonads. (ovaries in females and testes in males)

27
Q

What does growth hormone stimulate?

A

Promotes linear growth; regulates glucose and fatty acid balance in blood.

28
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating (TSH) stimulate?

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to make hormone thyroid hormones. Increases rate of metabolism.

29
Q

Where is vasopressin and oxytocin released from?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

30
Q

What are somatotropes?

A

Somatotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone

31
Q

Pituitary tumors of somatotroph cells cause what?

A

Produce more GH. Causes thickened bones of the jaw, fingers and toes. Often result in very tall people (without medication)

32
Q

acromegaly is?

A

heaviness of the jaw and increased size of digits is

referred to as acromegaly;

33
Q

Growth hormones decline with….

A

age

34
Q

Growth hormones act on what organ to produce insulin?

A

The liver!

35
Q

Osteoblast and condrocyte activity promote

A

Bone Growth

36
Q

What is the The epiphyseal plate?

A

Is a cartlige plate at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents. In adults who have stopped growing the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

37
Q

What are the four metabolic effects of GH?

A
  1. Increase calcium retention
  2. Increase muscle mass
  3. Stimulates the growth of internal organs
  4. Regulate glucose and fatty acid levels in blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and lypolysis.
38
Q

What is unique about insulin?

A

Only hormone that is able to reduce glucose in the blood stream, majority of other hormones increase it.

39
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

The Hunger Hormone! A hunger stimulating peptide hormone produced mainly by fundus cells of stomach and epilson cells of the pancrease.

40
Q

How is GH secreted?

A

In a pulsatile manner in response to hypothalmic stimulation.

41
Q

When is the largest and most predictable GH peak?

A

About one hour after the onset of sleep.

42
Q

Why does not living by the oceans and not eating enough iodine cause a problem with the thyroid gland?

A

The ocean release iodine and therefore if you do not live by an ocean and do not get enough iodine you will get a problem with the Thyroid gland because The thyroid gland produces 2 hormones that use iodine to produce it.

43
Q

What are the two molecules the thyroid produces?

A

T4 and T3

44
Q

Why is when a baby is born we immediatly check the blood from the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial
role in brain maturation during fetal development. Animals with thyroid deficiency from birth have deficient development of the CNS

45
Q

Thyroid gland is regulated by…

A

the pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

46
Q

TSH is positively regulated by ———- and negatively regulated by —- —-

A

Positively regulated by the hypothalmic thryotopin-releasing hormone (TRH) and negatively regulated by T3 and T4

47
Q

What happens when there is no negative feedback?

A

The pituitary gland can keep increasing the size of the thyroid gland,

48
Q

What happens when your body temperature drops?

A

TRH is released!

49
Q

Do T3 and T4 have any target organs?

A

No! It affects virtually every tissue

50
Q

Do thryoid hormones regulate mitochondrial function? TRUE or FALSE?

A

True! As well as certain mitochondrial proteins

51
Q

How do T3 and T4 regulate metabolic rate?

A
  • Stimulate energy consumption
  • Increase heat production
  • Increase number and activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in plasma membrane.
  • Hydrolyze ATP. (ATP decrease, compensated by increasing metabolism of glucose.)
52
Q

The transport Na+ relies on

A

the hydrolysis of ATP, which yields heat as a by-product.

53
Q

Thyroid hormones control what in amphibians?

A

metamorphosis

Bio 224 Final (8 decks)

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