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Bio 224 Final > Osmoregulation Lecture 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Lecture 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

In ultrafiltration what drives the movement of fluid through the mesh?

A

Blood pressure

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2
Q

In rhodius prolixus what type of urine does the malphigian tubules create?

A

Hypo-osmotic urine.

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3
Q

What is the difference between protonephridia and metanephridia?

A

Protonephridia only has one opening whereas metanephridia has opening at both ends.

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4
Q

What animal has a protonephridia?

A

The flat worm dugesia.

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5
Q

What type of animals have metanephridia?

A

Animals with a coelomic cavity that is sperated from the circulatory system. Mollusks, annelid and arthropods.

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6
Q

What type of excretory tubules do insects use?

A

Malphgian tubules.

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7
Q

Maphighian tubules are open at 2 ends like metanephridia or only open at one like protonephridia?

A

Open at one, Ions, uric acids and other compounds eneter by seceretion.

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8
Q

The malphghian tubule produces primary urine by

A

active seceretion

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9
Q

What are the 2 common things among insects for excretion?

A
  1. Maphghian tubules are the kidneys

2. Produce urine by active secretion.

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10
Q

What are the regions of the kidney?

A

An Outer RENAL CORTEX surrounding a central region, the RENAL MEDULLA.

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11
Q

Renal Pelvis:

A

Drainage area in center of kidneys.

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12
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron

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13
Q

What is the nephron?

A

A specialized excretory tubule that contributes to osmoregulation and carries out excretion found in all vertebrates.

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14
Q

What is the difference between a renal artery and renal vein?

A

Renal artery carries blood to the kidney where as renal vein carries blood away from kidney

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15
Q

Where is urine leaving the individual nephron processed even further?

A

The collecting duct

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16
Q

At the proximal end, the nephrone forms what?

A

The Bowmans capsule

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17
Q

Bowmans capsule:

A

An infloded region that cups around a ball of blood capilaries called the glomerulus.

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18
Q

In mammals the urine is (hypo-osmotic or hyper-osmotic) to body fluids

A

Hyper-osmotic

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19
Q

What is formed in renal corpuscle?

A

Primary Urine

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20
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

Valuable nutrients and ions that the body needs to retain are reabsorbed into the interstitial fluid. (glucose and amino acids)(Na,K and Cl). With the movement of the ions out this makes the fluid temporarily hypo-osmotic which makes water move out through osmosis.

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21
Q

If you are in a state of dehydration what will your pee be like?

A

It will have a higher concentration as your system retains more water. We see an opposite trend if you have to much water.

22
Q

What aids the transportation of water out of the nephron tubules?

A

Aquaporins

23
Q

At the bottom of the loop what is the peak osmolarity of the fluid?

A

1200mOsm

24
Q

What is transported into the interstitial fluid in the ascending segment of the loop of henle

A

Na and Cl are actively transported into the interstitial fluid

25
Q

What happens as the water moves down the collecting duct?

A

Concentration increases as water moves actively out. The urine can become as high as 1200mOsm.

26
Q

What are the three basic nephron Processes?

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption: Absorption of substances needed by body from tubule to blood
Tubular Secretion: Secretion of substances to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood

27
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. Juxtamedullary nephron: Long looped nephron

2. Cortical nephron

28
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Filtering of blood into tubule forming the primary urine. First step!

29
Q

Inside the glomerular capsule or bowmans capsule there are unique cells, what are these called?

A

Podocytes

30
Q

Are cells found in urine?

A

No, they are too large!

31
Q

What percent of the filtrate is re-absorbed by the nephron tubule?

A

~99%

32
Q

Should you have a large or small amount of proteins in your urine?

A

Should have a small amount as gomerular filters out a lot of proteins.

33
Q

As the loop of Henle desceneds further into the kidney, the concentration gradient increases which causes

A

High permeability to water and water is actively transported out of the nephron.

34
Q

In the asceneding limb what becomes permeable and what becomes impermeable to the membrane?

A

NaCl becomes permeable and water becomes impermeable as the concentration decreases.

35
Q

Where does the reabsorbed water go?

A

Into the medulla

36
Q

How is the blood in the vasa recta different?

A

High protein concentration in comparison to other blood.

37
Q

How is blood and oxygen supplied to the nephron?

A

Vasa Recta

38
Q

The Blood from the vasa recta has a tendency to suck up what?

A

Excess water and nutrients.

39
Q

Why is it beneficial that the vasa recta is looped?

A

If it didnt loop the blood coming out would have a very high concentration! The looping helps to maintain the concentration gradient. The looping permebaility is similar to the loop of Henle.

40
Q

In the distal convuluted tubule and the collecting duct water permability is regulated by what hormone?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin

41
Q

What happens when vasopressin is present?

A

This means the distal and collecting tube are permeable to water and much of the water is reabsorbed! You therefore get super yellow pee!

42
Q

What happens when vasopressing is absent?

A

That means the distal and collecting duct become impermeable to water! Your therefore produce a large quantity of urine.

43
Q

The Vasa Recta is arranged as a —- —– that helps maintain the —– —— in the medulla of the kidney.

A

countercurrent system , osmotic gradient

44
Q

What are the permeabilities and active transport properties of the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending Limb= active transport but impermeable to Nacl.

Ascending limb= Active Na+ and Cl reabsorption but impermeable to water.

45
Q

Some patients that suffer from accumulation of fluid are some times prescribed the drug furosemide. This drug blocks active NaCl transport in the loop of Henle in the nephron. What is the end result of treatment with furosemide?

A

More Na Cl in urine and will make more urine! Iso-osmotic urine.

46
Q

What specialized cell is found in a protonephridia?

A

Flame cell! Has cilia that beats and moves fluid through cell.

47
Q

What is the problem with nitrogen watse?

A

Produces ammonia which is toxic! This affects the cell membrane as well as increases glutamate.

48
Q

What are the three strategies, and their associated animals, on how to excrete ammonia!

A
  1. Excrete it directly. Fish! (invertebrates)
  2. Use urea to excrete. Dog
  3. Uric acid. Birds
49
Q

What is the most energy expensive way to excrete ammonia?

A

Uric acid!

50
Q

What is the most water costly way to excrete ammonia?

A

directly.

51
Q

What is more energy efficient, concurrent or countercurrent flow?

A

Counter current flow This is what the loop of henle uses

Bio 224 Final (8 decks)

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