Reproduction

Question 1

Myometrium

Answer 1

muscular layer of uterus, responsible for contractions

Question 2

Endometrium

Answer 2

inner lining of where the placenta attaches and that sheds every month

Question 3

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)- Oogenesis

Answer 3

hormone that triggers the development of the follicle, thickening of the follicle wall, and the secretion of follicular fluid. involved in the first part of the menstrual cycle

Question 4

Estrogen- oogenesis

Answer 4

hormone that is released by the follicular wall that turns off the secretion of FSH, which signals to hypothalamus to release LH.

Question 5

LH (leutinizing hormone)- oogenesis

Answer 5

hormone that stimulates the completion of meiosis 1 in the oocyte and causes ovulation and helps grow the corpus luteum

Question 6

Effects of Estrogen- oogenesis

Answer 6

1. Thickening of endometrium
2. Growth of blood vessels in endometrium
3. Increase in FSH receptors in follicle
4. Inhibition of FSH secretion and stimulation of LH

Question 7

Progesterone- oogenesis

Answer 7

hormone secreted by corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium and its blood vessels, and inhibits production of FSH and LH

Question 8

GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone)

Answer 8

hormone that is released by the hypothalamus to trigger gametogenesis

Question 9

Corpus Luteum

Answer 9

transformed version of the follicle that releases progesterone

Question 10

Seminal vesicle

Answer 10

part of male reproductive system that creates prostaglandins and adds fructose to semen

Question 11

Prostoglandins

Answer 11

chemicals that allow for small uterine contractions to help move sperm through the uterus

Question 12

Prostate gland

Answer 12

part of the male reproductive system that releases alkaline fluid to protect sperm in acidic vaginal environment

Question 13

Acrosome

Answer 13

part of sperm that helps it during process of fertilization to break through the membranes

Question 14

Sertoli cells

Answer 14

cells in male reproductive system that release nutrients which help primary spermatocytes go through meiosis 1

Question 15

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)- spermatogenesis

Answer 15

hormone responsible for stimulating sertoli cells to release the nutrients needed to change primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes

Question 16

Where is all of the mitochondria in a sperm?

Answer 16

in the midpiece

Question 17

Spermatogonia

Answer 17

2n germ cells that undergo mitosis to create infinite spermatocytes

Question 18

Leydig cell

Answer 18

cells in the male reproductive system that makes testosterone and signals for the sperm to finish meiosis II

Question 19

LH (leutinizing hormone)- spermatogenesis

Answer 19

hormone that is released after creation of secondary spermatocytes that triggers leydig cells to secrete testosterone and continue maturation of the sperm

Question 20

Epididymis

Answer 20

part of the male reproductive system where sperm mature and learn to swim, also where the sperm is concentrated and testicular fluids are removed

Question 21

Steps of IVF

Answer 21

1. Stop menstrual cycle using progesterone
2. Hormone treatments to cause multiple follicles to develop (aka lots of FSH and hCG)
3. Extract multiple eggs from the ovaries
4. Sperm selected then injected into egg
5. Fertilization occurs, and cell begins to divide
6. Implantation of multiple embryos into uterus
7. Test for pregnancy to see if implant was successful

Question 22

What is the success rate of IVF?

Answer 22

15%

Question 23

Ethical Pros for IVF

Answer 23

1. Infertile couples can have children
2. Genetic screening helps decrease suffering from genetic disease
3. Spare embryos can be used for future pregnancies or for research

Question 24

Ethical cons for IVF

Answer 24

1. expensive and not equally accessible
2. low success rate (15%)
3. could lead to eugenics
4. could lead to unwanted twins or triplets
5. storage and disposal of unused embryos is tricky morally
6. cultural and religious objections to lab grown embryos
7. inherited forms of infertility may still be passed on to children

Question 25

Functions of Testosterone

Answer 25

1. Causes pre-natal development of male genitalia 2. Causes development of secondary-sex characteristics 3. Maintains sex drive 4. Builds muscle in males

Question 26

Greenhouse Gas Effect

Answer 26

where a combination of Co2 and H2O traps some of the radiation from the sun on the Earth's surface instead of letting it bounce off, heating up the earth

Question 27

Short-wavelength light

Answer 27

ultraviolet (UV) light, responsible for burning skin

Question 28

Long-wavelength light

Answer 28

infrared (IR) light, radiation released by the Earth to get rid of excess energy from UV light

Question 29

Chemotaxis

Answer 29

effect when chemicals secreted by the uterus helps excite sperm to move faster through the fallopian tube

Question 30

Corona Radiata

Answer 30

the outer covering of the egg that a sperm must pass through in fertilization

Question 31

Zona Pellucida

Answer 31

layer below the corona radiata that must be penetrated by sperm for fertilization, and will harden once a sperm fuses with the egg and fertilizes it

Question 32

Zygote

Answer 32

freshly fertilized egg cell, still only contains one cell

Question 33

Morula

Answer 33

clump of 16 cells that arises after a zygote begins to differentiate

Question 34

Blastocyst

Answer 34

final stage of zygotic growth until implantation, consists of many different stem cells

Question 35

Trophoblast

Answer 35

outer layer of a blastocyst that develops into a placenta after implantation

Question 36

Blastoceal

Answer 36

inner fluid of a blastocyst

Question 37

Chorionic Villi

Answer 37

finger-like structures on the placenta that helps diffuse molecules from mother's blood to baby's blood

Question 38

Lacunae

Answer 38

open-ended arteriole where mother's blood is released into so that molecules can pass from the mother to the baby through the placenta

Question 39

Maternal blood transfers ___ to the fetus

Answer 39

oxygen, monomers, water, vitamins, antibodies, hormones, minerals, etc.

Question 40

Fetal blood transfers ___ to the mother

Answer 40

carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, and water

Question 41

Function of amniotic sac/amniotic fluid

Answer 41

1. Absorbs pressure to protect child from impacts to uterine wall due to its property of incompressibility 2. Creates buyoncy so fetus doesn't have to support its own body weight 3. Prevents dehydration of tissues and provides barrier against infection

Question 42

Partrition

Answer 42

childbirth

Question 43

Process of Fertilization

Answer 43

1. Cervix is open during ovulation, allowing sperm to swim through it into the uterus 2. Small uterine contractions caused by prostaglandins help move sperm through uterus 3. Cillia push egg towards uterus in the fallopian tubes 4. Chemotaxis occurs, pushing sperm to swim harder 5. Sperm makes it through the corona radiata and releases digestive enzymes through is acrosome to burrow into the zona pellucida 6. Zona pellucida hardens and it becomes a zygote 7. Zygote cleaves until it becomes a blastocyst 8. Blastocyst implants itself into the endometrium 9. Blastocyst begins producing hCG to maintain corpus luteum post-ovulation to keep progesterone levels high 10. Placenta forms, and it continues to produce progesterone to keep uterine lining intact