Nutrition

Question 1

Three main components of diet

Answer 1

Lipids, carbs, and proteins

Question 2

Dietary Fiber

Answer 2

part of the diet that cannot be digested, comes in three types: insoluble, soluble, and prebiotic

Question 3

Insoluble Fiber

Answer 3

type of fiber that absorbs fluid and adds bulk to stool

Question 4

Soluble Fiber

Answer 4

type of fiber that collects waste products, chemicals, hormones, etc, and prevents them from being reabsorbed into the intestines

Question 5

Prebiotic Fiber

Answer 5

type of fiber that feeds bacteria in GI tract

Question 6

Essential component of diet

Answer 6

a component of the diet that MUST be consumed, and cannot be synthesized by the human body

Question 7

Non-essential component of diet

Answer 7

a component of the diet that can be consumed, but can also be made in the human body (ex. Vitamin D)

Question 8

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 8

polyunsaturated fatty acids, split into two categories: omega-3 and omega-6

Question 9

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Answer 9

fatty acid necessary for heart health, helps with production of hormones (ex. alpha-linoleic acid, ALA)

Question 10

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Answer 10

fatty acid necessary for immune response and inflammation (ex. linoleic acid, LA)

Question 11

How many amino acids are essential for an adult?

Answer 11

9 amino acids

Question 12

Non-essential vitamins

Answer 12

Vitamin D and Vitamin K

Question 13

Peristalsis

Answer 13

contraction of the gut muscles

Question 14

Vitamin A

Answer 14

vitamin necessary for vision and immune system

found in fish, dairy products, and eggs

Question 15

Vitamin B12

Answer 15

vitamin required to transform Iron into red blood cells, also helps in DNA production

found in animal products like eggs and milk

Question 16

Vitamin C

Answer 16

vitamin responsible for wound healing and protecting cells, involved in scurvy

found in citrus fruits like oranges and in broccoli

Question 17

Vitamin D

Answer 17

vitamin responsible for Ca2+ reabsorption in the bones, also plays a role in depression. low levels creates rickets

found in oily fish and eggs

Question 18

Vitamin E

Answer 18

vitamin that acts as an anti-oxidant, prevents damage to cells

found in nuts and fish

Question 19

Vitamin K

Answer 19

vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting and bone metabolism

found in kale and other leafy greens

Question 20

Hormones that regulate appetite

Answer 20

leptin, ghrelin, and T3 (Triiodothyronine)

Question 21

Leptin

Answer 21

hormone released in the adipose tissue, creates feelings of satiety long term

Question 22

Ghrelin

Answer 22

hormone involved with feelings of hunger, abnormally high levels in patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome, released in the gastric fundus of the stomach

Question 23

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

Answer 23

hormone involved with metabolism, released in the thyroid

Question 24

Where is the appetite control center?

Answer 24

the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 25

Minimum BMI to be obese

Answer 25

30 or higher

Question 26

How can obesity lead to hypertension?

Answer 26

1. Excess body fat -> increased leptin production -> increased # of blood vessels 2. Increased blood volume

Question 27

Starvation

Answer 27

a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain life

Question 28

Which body stores are used first in starvation?

Answer 28

carbs, then adipose, then protein

Question 29

Symptoms of Starvation

Answer 29

1. Chronic Fatigue 2. Mental fog/trouble concentrating 3. Feeling cold/having chills 4. Slower healing times 5. Depression 6. Anxiety 7. Irritability 8. Insomnia 9. Loss of interest in food

Question 30

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 30

eating disorder characterized by an obsession with food or body weight, often due to fear of becoming overweight. Tends to have low body weight and excessive exercise

Question 31

PKU

Answer 31

disease caused by mutation of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. can lead to severe mental disability and behavioral problems

Question 32

Osteomalacia

Answer 32

soft bone disease, caused by inadequate mineralization of the bones, usually due to a vitamin D deficiency

Question 33

Why is vitamin D non-essential?

Answer 33

it can be synthesized by the body with sun exposure

Question 33

Where is Vitamin D stored?

Answer 33

the liver and fat tissue

Question 34

Where is cholesterol made?

Answer 34

the liver

Question 35

Lipoproteins

Answer 35

the form in which cholesterol is carried in the bloodstream

Question 36

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 36

lipoprotein that helps body get rid of excess cholesterol and brings cholesterol to the liver to prevent buildup in arteries

Question 37

Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 37

lipoprotein that causes plaque buildup in arteries because it brings cholesterol to the arteries

Question 38

Approximate energy of carbohydrate

Answer 38

16.7 kJ/g

Question 39

Approximate energy of lipid

Answer 39

37.7 kJ/g

Question 40

Approximate energy of protein

Answer 40

16.7 kJ/g

Question 41

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 41

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, and Vitamin E