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ACVIM General copy > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus → GnRH
  2. GnRH → Anterior Pituitary → FSH or LH
    3a. FSH or LH → Ovary → Progestins, Estrogens
    3b. FSH or LH → Testes → Androgens
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2
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

  1. Where is it produced
  2. Where does it act? What does it cause?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary → FSH and LH
  3. Negative feedback via steroid hormones
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3
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. Where does it act? What does it do?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Pituitary gland
    2a. Ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS → stimulate follicular development
    2b. Testicular SERTOLI CELLS → aid spermatogenesis
  2. Negative feedback via steroid hormones and inhibin
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4
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. Where does it act? What does it do?
  3. What is the negative feedback for this hormone?
A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. a. Acts on multiple ovarian cells → stimulate steroid hormone synthesis; OVARIAN GRANULOSA CELLS → stimulate ovulation
    2b. Testicular LEYDIG CELLS → stimulate steroid hormone synthesis
  3. Negative feedback via steroid hormones* and inhibin
    * However there is a time after a certain point of estrogen increase, that estrogen will create a positive feedback loop with LH
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5
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of estrogen?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Pregnancy preparation and pregnancy
  3. Long term effects on physiology → female secondary sex characteristics
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6
Q

How do estrogens influence fertilization?

A
  1. Increase estrous behavior in some species
  2. Increase uterine contractility
  3. Opens cervix to admit sperm
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7
Q

How do estrogens influence pregnancy preparation and pregnancy?

A
  1. Stimulates endometrial development
  2. Increases uterine progesterone receptors
  3. Increase GnRH → LH surged → ovulation
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8
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of progestins?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Preparation for pregnancy and pregnancy
  3. Lactation
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9
Q

What are the effect of progestins on fertilization?

A
  1. Decrease uterine contractility
  2. Closes cervix
  3. Decrease FSH secretion
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10
Q

What are the effect of progestins on preparation for pregnancy and pregnancy?

A
  1. Increase uterine musculature

2. Increase endometrial gland secretions

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11
Q

What are the effect of progestins on lactation?

A
  1. Stimulates development of mammary alveolar cells

2. Inhibits milk production

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12
Q

What are the 3 broad roles of androgens?

A
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Long term effects on physiology
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13
Q

What are the effects of androgens on spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Actions on SERTOLI cells
  2. Maintenance of efferent ductular system
  3. Maintenance of accessory sex glands
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14
Q

What are the effects of androgens on fertilization?

A
  1. Promote sexual behavior
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15
Q

What are the effects of androgens on long term effects of physiology

A
  1. Male secondary sex characteristics

2. Anabolic effect (promotes growth)

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16
Q

Prolactin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
  3. What does it inhibit?
A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Promotes lactation and maternal behavior
  3. Inhibits follicular development
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17
Q

Oxytocin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
A
  1. Produced in hypothalamus but released from pituitary

2. Involved in parturition

18
Q

Inhibin

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do?
A
  1. Produced by GRANULOSA and Sertoli cells
  2. Selectively inhibit FSH
    * DOES NOT INHIBIT LH*
19
Q

Prostaglandins

  1. Where is it produced?
  2. What does it do (in reproduction)?
A
  1. Produced in many tissues by arachidonic acid cascade

2. In reproduction, most often considered in the context of luteolysis

20
Q

What are the different components of the follicular phase of reproduction? What is the dominant hormone during this phase?

A

1a. Proestrus → early follicular development and gamete maturation
1b. Estrus → final follicular development and sexual receptivity
2. ESTROGEN is the dominant hormone

21
Q

Ovulation

  1. When does this phase occur?
  2. What is it triggered by?
  3. What happens?
A
  1. Occurs at the end of estrus (or shortly after estrus in some species)
  2. Triggered by the LH surge → which is in turn triggered by rising levels of estrogen inducing positive feedback of GnRH in the hypothalamus
  3. Ovum is released into oviduct to encounter sperm for fertilization
22
Q

What are the different components of the luteal phase? What is the dominant hormone during this phase?

A

1a. Metestrus → formation of the corpus luteum → transition from estrogen to progesterone dominance
1b. Diestrus → corpus luteum is functional → produces progesterone to prepare uterine environment to be favorable to pregnancy
1c. Luteolysis → destruction of the corpus luteum and termination of luteal progesterone secretion
2. PROGESTERONE is the dominant hormone

23
Q

How do cells appear on vaginal cytology around ovulation?

A
  1. Anucleate superficial epithelial cells → Cornified cells
24
Q

What % of cells should be cornified cells at ovulation?

A
  1. 70-90%
25
Q

What is the MOA of finasteride?

A

Inhibits 5α reductase

*Blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT

26
Q

What is the top differential for an enlarged prostate in a castrated dog?

A
  1. Prostatic carcinoma
27
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis and prostatic abscesses are significantly associated with what?

A
  1. BPH

2. Estrogen administration

28
Q

When should breeding be attempted based on vaginal cytology?

A

When >75% of epithelial cells are anuclear

29
Q

During which phase does a pyometra occur?

A
  1. Diestrus
30
Q

What are differentials for vaginal discharge thought to be a pyometra?

A
  1. Lochia → should be green and non-odorous and present after whelping for up to 4 weeks
  2. SIPS → persistant serosanguinous discharge up to 6 weeks after whelping, will usually resolve on its own
  3. Metritis → ascending bacterial infection immediately after whelping
  4. Re-entering heat
31
Q

How is Brucella canis transmitted?

A
  1. Orally through bodily fluids
    * Large amount in vaginal fluid 4-6 weeks after abortion
    * Found in semen 2-3 months after infection
32
Q

What is the pathophysiology for Brucella canis infection?

A
  1. Penetrates mucus membranes → replicates in local LYMPH NODES
  2. BACTEREMIA within 7-30 days after exposure
  3. Transport to monocyte/macrophage, prostate, uterus, and placenta
33
Q

Why does Brucella canis survive within macrophages?

A
  1. Macrophages/monocytes inhibit the bactericidal myeloperoxidase-peroxide halide system by releasing 5-guanosine and adenine
34
Q

When does Brucella canis cause abortion?

A

75% of pregnancy loss is late in gestation (45-59 days)

35
Q

What are clinical signs associated with Brucella canis infection?

A
  1. Abortion
  2. Necrotizing vasculitis causing granulomatous lesions → causes epidydimal and testicular/prostatic pathology
  3. Chronic infections → uveitis, granulomatous splenitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis, meningoencephalitis
36
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Brucella canis?

A
  1. Rapid slide agglutination test → initial test

2. 2-mercaptoethanol modified RSAT → confirmatory

37
Q

There are (many/few) false positive with Brucella canis testing?

A

MANY

38
Q

What other antibodies will Brucella canis cross-react with?

A
  1. Bordetella
  2. Pseudomonas
  3. Moraxella
  4. Brucella ovis
39
Q

What are the hormonal characteristic of anestrus?

A
  1. HIGH FSH

2. Very LOW progesterone

40
Q

What are the cytologic characteristics of estrus?

A
  1. > 90% of the cells are superficial and unclear squamous cells (or have pyknotic nuclei)
  2. NO WBC and occasional RBC

ACVIM General copy (15 decks)

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